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      Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Gene Delivery—A Review

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , *
      Editor(s):
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Nanomaterials
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: gene delivery, nanomaterials, non-viral vectors, siRNA

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          Abstract

          With the rapid development of nanotechnology in the recent decade, novel DNA and RNA delivery systems for gene therapy have become available that can be used instead of viral vectors. These non-viral vectors can be made of a variety of materials, including inorganic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, protein and peptide-based nanoparticles, as well as nanoscale polymeric materials. They have as advantages over viral vectors a decreased immune response, and additionally offer flexibility in design, allowing them to be functionalized and targeted to specific sites in a biological system with low cytotoxicity. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of novel nanotechnology-based methods to deliver DNA and small interfering RNAs into biological systems.

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          A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent smancs.

          Y Matsumura, H. Maeda (1986)
          We previously found that a polymer conjugated to the anticancer protein neocarzinostatin, named smancs, accumulated more in tumor tissues than did neocarzinostatin. To determine the general mechanism of this tumoritropic accumulation of smancs and other proteins, we used radioactive (51Cr-labeled) proteins of various molecular sizes (Mr 12,000 to 160,000) and other properties. In addition, we used dye-complexed serum albumin to visualize the accumulation in tumors of tumor-bearing mice. Many proteins progressively accumulated in the tumor tissues of these mice, and a ratio of the protein concentration in the tumor to that in the blood of 5 was obtained within 19 to 72 h. A large protein like immunoglobulin G required a longer time to reach this value of 5. The protein concentration ratio in the tumor to that in the blood of neither 1 nor 5 was achieved with neocarzinostatin, a representative of a small protein (Mr 12,000) in all time. We speculate that the tumoritropic accumulation of these proteins resulted because of the hypervasculature, an enhanced permeability to even macromolecules, and little recovery through either blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. This accumulation of macromolecules in the tumor was also found after i.v. injection of an albumin-dye complex (Mr 69,000), as well as after injection into normal and tumor tissues. The complex was retained only by tumor tissue for prolonged periods. There was little lymphatic recovery of macromolecules from tumor tissue. The present finding is of potential value in macromolecular tumor therapeutics and diagnosis.
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            Band gap fluorescence from individual single-walled carbon nanotubes.

            Michael J O'Connell, Sergei M Bachilo, Chad B. Huffman … (2002)
            Fluorescence has been observed directly across the band gap of semiconducting carbon nanotubes. We obtained individual nanotubes, each encased in a cylindrical micelle, by ultrasonically agitating an aqueous dispersion of raw single-walled carbon nanotubes in sodium dodecyl sulfate and then centrifuging to remove tube bundles, ropes, and residual catalyst. Aggregation of nanotubes into bundles otherwise quenches the fluorescence through interactions with metallic tubes and substantially broadens the absorption spectra. At pH less than 5, the absorption and emission spectra of individual nanotubes show evidence of band gap-selective protonation of the side walls of the tube. This protonation is readily reversed by treatment with base or ultraviolet light.
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              Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs): development, surface modification and applications in chemotherapy.

              Morteza Mahmoudi, Shilpa Sant, Ben Wang … (2011)
              At present, nanoparticles are used for various biomedical applications where they facilitate laboratory diagnostics and therapeutics. More specifically for drug delivery purposes, the use of nanoparticles is attracting increasing attention due to their unique capabilities and their negligible side effects not only in cancer therapy but also in the treatment of other ailments. Among all types of nanoparticles, biocompatible superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with proper surface architecture and conjugated targeting ligands/proteins have attracted a great deal of attention for drug delivery applications. This review covers recent advances in the development of SPIONs together with their possibilities and limitations from fabrication to application in drug delivery. In addition, the state-of-the-art synthetic routes and surface modification of desired SPIONs for drug delivery purposes are described. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Fani Sousa: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nanomaterials (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nanomaterials (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): nanomaterials
                Title: Nanomaterials
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2079-4991
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 April 2017
                Publication date Collection: May 2017
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 94
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Graduate Program in Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; mike.riley2@ 123456ufl.edu
                [2 ]UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
                [3 ]Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Cancer/Genetics Research Complex 302, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: wev@ 123456ufl.edu ; Tel.: +1-352-273-8162
                Article
                Publisher ID: nanomaterials-07-00094
                DOI: 10.3390/nano7050094
                PMC ID: 5449975
                PubMed ID: 28452950
                SO-VID: 9a00b1f4-3138-4463-b961-4ecbe7a3faed
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 16 March 2017
                Date accepted : 24 April 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: gene delivery,nanomaterials,non-viral vectors,sirna
                Data availability:
                Keywords: gene delivery, nanomaterials, non-viral vectors, sirna

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