The health impacts of traffic-related exposures in urban areas: Understanding real effects, underlying driving forces and co-producing future directions

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Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda

Linda Steg, Charles Vlek (2009)

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Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation?

Jolanda Maas, Robert A. Verheij, Peter Groenewegen … (2006)

To investigate the strength of the relation between the amount of green space in people's living environment and their perceived general health. This relation is analysed for different age and socioeconomic groups. Furthermore, it is analysed separately for urban and more rural areas, because the strength of the relation was expected to vary with urbanity. The study includes 250 782 people registered with 104 general practices who filled in a self administered form on sociodemographic background and perceived general health. The percentage of green space (urban green space, agricultural space, natural green space) within a one kilometre and three kilometre radius around the postal code coordinates was calculated for each household. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed at three levels-that is, individual level, family level, and practice level-controlled for sociodemographic characteristics. The percentage of green space inside a one kilometre and a three kilometre radius had a significant relation to perceived general health. The relation was generally present at all degrees of urbanity. The overall relation is somewhat stronger for lower socioeconomic groups. Elderly, youth, and secondary educated people in large cities seem to benefit more from presence of green areas in their living environment than other groups in large cities. This research shows that the percentage of green space in people's living environment has a positive association with the perceived general health of residents. Green space seems to be more than just a luxury and consequently the development of green space should be allocated a more central position in spatial planning policy.

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Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE).

Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Zorana J. Andersen, Rob Beelen … (2013)

Ambient air pollution is suspected to cause lung cancer. We aimed to assess the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and lung cancer incidence in European populations. This prospective analysis of data obtained by the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects used data from 17 cohort studies based in nine European countries. Baseline addresses were geocoded and we assessed air pollution by land-use regression models for particulate matter (PM) with diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10), less than 2·5 μm (PM2·5), and between 2·5 and 10 μm (PMcoarse), soot (PM2·5absorbance), nitrogen oxides, and two traffic indicators. We used Cox regression models with adjustment for potential confounders for cohort-specific analyses and random effects models for meta-analyses. The 312 944 cohort members contributed 4 013 131 person-years at risk. During follow-up (mean 12·8 years), 2095 incident lung cancer cases were diagnosed. The meta-analyses showed a statistically significant association between risk for lung cancer and PM10 (hazard ratio [HR] 1·22 [95% CI 1·03-1·45] per 10 μg/m(3)). For PM2·5 the HR was 1·18 (0·96-1·46) per 5 μg/m(3). The same increments of PM10 and PM2·5 were associated with HRs for adenocarcinomas of the lung of 1·51 (1·10-2·08) and 1·55 (1·05-2·29), respectively. An increase in road traffic of 4000 vehicle-km per day within 100 m of the residence was associated with an HR for lung cancer of 1·09 (0·99-1·21). The results showed no association between lung cancer and nitrogen oxides concentration (HR 1·01 [0·95-1·07] per 20 μg/m(3)) or traffic intensity on the nearest street (HR 1·00 [0·97-1·04] per 5000 vehicles per day). Particulate matter air pollution contributes to lung cancer incidence in Europe. European Community's Seventh Framework Programme. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Title: Journal of Transport & Health

Abbreviated Title: Journal of Transport & Health

Publisher: Elsevier BV

ISSN (Print): 22141405

Publication date Created: September 2016

Publication date (Print): September 2016

Volume: 3

Issue: 3

Pages: 249-267

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DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2016.07.002

SO-VID: 9aafaf6b-8d65-4eab-b2bd-20325ebc8871

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The health impacts of traffic-related exposures in urban areas: Understanding real effects, underlying driving forces and co-producing future directions

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Abstract

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New directions in predictive processing

Most cited references 157

Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda

Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation?

Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE).

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