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      Engaging indigenous and academic knowledge on bees in the Amazon: implications for environmental management and transdisciplinary research

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          Abstract

          Background

          This paper contributes to the development of theoretical and methodological approaches that aim to engage indigenous, technical and academic knowledge for environmental management. We present an exploratory analysis of a transdisciplinary project carried out to identify and contrast indigenous and academic perspectives on the relationship between the Africanized honey bee and stingless bee species in the Brazilian Amazon. The project was developed by practitioners and researchers of the Instituto Socioambiental (ISA, a Brazilian NGO), responding to a concern raised by a funding agency, regarding the potential impact of apiculture development by indigenous peoples, on the diversity of stingless bee species in the Xingu Park, southern Brazilian Amazon. Research and educational activities were carried out among four indigenous peoples: Kawaiwete or Kaiabi, Yudja or Juruna, Kīsêdjê or Suyá and Ikpeng or Txicão.

          Methods

          A constructivist qualitative approach was developed, which included academic literature review, conduction of semi-structured interviews with elders and leaders, community focus groups, field walks and workshops in schools in four villages. Semi-structured interviews and on-line surveys were carried out among academic experts and practitioners.

          Results

          We found that in both indigenous and scientific perspectives, diversity is a key aspect in keeping exotic and native species in balance and thus avoiding heightened competition and extinction. The Africanized honey bee was compared to the non-indigenous westerners who colonized the Americas, with whom indigenous peoples had to learn to coexist. We identify challenges and opportunities for engagement of indigenous and scientific knowledge for research and management of bee species in the Amazon. A combination of small-scale apiculture and meliponiculture is viewed as an approach that might help to maintain biological and cultural diversity in Amazonian landscapes.

          Conclusion

          The articulation of knowledge from non-indigenous practitioners and researchers with that of indigenous peoples might inform sustainable management practices that are, at the same time, respectful of indigenous perspectives and intellectual property rights. However, there are ontological, epistemological, political and financial barriers and constraints that need to be addressed in transdisciplinary research projects inter-relating academic, technical and indigenous knowledge systems for environmental management.

          Resumo

          Background

          Este artigo contribui para o desenvolvimento de abordagens teóricas e metodológicas visando engajar conhecimentos indígenas e acadêmicos para o manejo e a gestão ambiental. Apresenta-se uma análise exploratória de um projeto transdisciplinar desenvolvido para identificar e contrastar perspectivas indígenas e acadêmicas sobre a relação entre as espécies de abelhas sem ferrão e a abelha européia africanizada na Amazônia brasileira. O projeto foi desenvolvido por técnicos e pesquisadores do Instituto Socioambiental (ISA, Ong brasileira) respondendo a uma preocupação levantada por uma agência de financiamento, relacionada com um potencial impacto da produção comercial de mel de abelhas por povos indígenas sobre a diversidade de espécies de abelhas sem ferrão no Parque Indígena do Xingu, no sul da Amazônia brasileira. Atividades educativas e de pesquisa foram realizadas junto aos povos Kawaiwete (conhecido como Kaiabi), Yudja or Juruna, Kīsêdjê or Suyá and Ikpeng or Txicão.

          Métodos

          Foi aplicada uma abordagem qualitativa construtivista, envolvendo revisão de literatura e realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com idosos e líderes, grupos focais, saídas a campo e oficinas nas escolas de quatro aldeias. Aspectos do conhecimento acadêmico e técnico foram levantados através da condução de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e por e-mail, envolvendo especialistas acadêmicos e técnicos.

          Resultados

          Observou-se que em ambas as perspectivas indígenas, acadêmicas e técnicas, a diversidade é um aspecto fundamental para manter espécies exóticas e nativas em equilíbrio e, assim, evitar concorrência e competição exacerbadas que podem levar à extinção ou desaparecimento de espécies. A abelha europeia africanizada foi comparada com os ocidentais não-indígenas que colonizaram as Américas, e com os quais os povos indígenas tiveram que aprender a conviver. Foram identificados desafios e oportunidades para engajar sistemas de conhecimento indígenas e acadêmicos na pesquisa e manejo de espécies de abelhas na Amazônia. Tanto a apicultura como a meliponicultura, se realizadas de forma artesanal em pequena escala, são vistas como atividades com potencial de contribuir para manter a diversidade biológica e cultural em paisagens amazônicas.

          Conclusão

          A articulação de conhecimentos de acadêmicos e técnicos não-indígenas com sistemas de conhecimento indígena pode informar práticas de gestão sustentáveis que reconheçam e respeitem as perspectivas e direitos de propriedade intelectual indígenas. Entretando, existem barreiras ontológicas, epistemológicas, políticas e financeiras que devem ser enfrentadas em iniciativas de produção transdisciplinar de conhecimento inter-relacionando diferentes sistemas de conhecimento.

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          Most cited references67

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          Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon.

          The forest biome of Amazonia is one of Earth's greatest biological treasures and a major component of the Earth system. This century, it faces the dual threats of deforestation and stress from climate change. Here, we summarize some of the latest findings and thinking on these threats, explore the consequences for the forest ecosystem and its human residents, and outline options for the future of Amazonia. We also discuss the implications of new proposals to finance preservation of Amazonian forests.
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            Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification.

            Ecosystem services are critical to human survival; in selected cases, maintaining these services provides a powerful argument for conserving biodiversity. Yet, the ecological and economic underpinnings of most services are poorly understood, impeding their conservation and management. For centuries, farmers have imported colonies of European honey bees (Apis mellifera) to fields and orchards for pollination services. These colonies are becoming increasingly scarce, however, because of diseases, pesticides, and other impacts. Native bee communities also provide pollination services, but the amount they provide and how this varies with land management practices are unknown. Here, we document the individual species and aggregate community contributions of native bees to crop pollination, on farms that varied both in their proximity to natural habitat and management type (organic versus conventional). On organic farms near natural habitat, we found that native bee communities could provide full pollination services even for a crop with heavy pollination requirements (e.g., watermelon, Citrullus lanatus), without the intervention of managed honey bees. All other farms, however, experienced greatly reduced diversity and abundance of native bees, resulting in insufficient pollination services from native bees alone. We found that diversity was essential for sustaining the service, because of year-to-year variation in community composition. Continued degradation of the agro-natural landscape will destroy this "free" service, but conservation and restoration of bee habitat are potentially viable economic alternatives for reducing dependence on managed honey bees.
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              Inhibition of Amazon deforestation and fire by parks and indigenous lands.

              Conservation scientists generally agree that many types of protected areas will be needed to protect tropical forests. But little is known of the comparative performance of inhabited and uninhabited reserves in slowing the most extreme form of forest disturbance: conversion to agriculture. We used satellite-based maps of land cover and fire occurrence in the Brazilian Amazon to compare the performance of large (> 10,000 ha) uninhabited (parks) and inhabited (indigenous lands, extractive reserves, and national forests) reserves. Reserves significantly reduced both deforestation and fire. Deforestation was 1.7 (extractive reserves) to 20 (parks) times higher along the outside versus the inside of the reserve perimeters and fire occurrence was 4 (indigenous lands) to 9 (national forests) times higher. No strong difference in the inhibition of deforestation (p = 0. 11) or fire (p = 0.34) was found between parks and indigenous lands. However, uninhabited reserves tended to be located away from areas of high deforestation and burning rates. In contrast, indigenous lands were often created in response to frontier expansion, and many prevented deforestation completely despite high rates of deforestation along their boundaries. The inhibitory effect of indigenous lands on deforestation was strong after centuries of contact with the national society and was not correlated with indigenous population density. Indigenous lands occupy one-fifth of the Brazilian Amazon-five times the area under protection in parks--and are currently the most important barrier to Amazon deforestation. As the protected-area network expands from 36% to 41% of the Brazilian Amazon over the coming years, the greatest challenge will be successful reserve implementation in high-risk areas of frontier expansion as indigenous lands are strengthened. This success will depend on a broad base of political support.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                simonea@ufl.edu
                Journal
                J Ethnobiol Ethnomed
                J Ethnobiol Ethnomed
                Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
                BioMed Central (London )
                1746-4269
                20 June 2016
                20 June 2016
                2016
                : 12
                : 26
                Affiliations
                [ ]Tropical Conservation and Development Program (TCD), Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida – UF, 381 Grinter Hall, PO Box 115530, Gainesville, 32611-5530 FL USA
                [ ]Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1112 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611-7305 USA
                [ ]Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Núcleo de Estudos em Agroecologia – NEA, Rodovia ES 080, KM 93. São João de Petrópolis, S/N, 29.660-000 Santa Teresa, ES Brazil
                Article
                93
                10.1186/s13002-016-0093-z
                4915142
                27324644
                9ace6d54-1029-4555-9e65-9c7a80a1f65c
                © The Author(s). 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 17 February 2016
                : 17 May 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: GEF/PPP/Global Environmental Facility, Small Projects Fund
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Health & Social care
                indigenous and academic knowledge systems,ethnoecology,transdisciplinary knowledge production,brazilian stingless bees,xingu indigenous park,palavras-chave,sistemas de conhecimento indígenas e acadêmicos,etnoecologia,conhecimento transdisciplinar,abelhas sem ferrão,abelha européia africanizada,parque indígena do xingu

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