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      Comparison of Resonance Frequency Analysis and of Quantitative Ultrasound to Assess Dental Implant Osseointegration

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          Abstract

          Dental implants are widely used in the clinic. However, there remain risks of failure, which depend on the implant stability. The aim of this paper is to compare two methods based on resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and on quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and that aim at assessing implant stability. Eighty-one identical dental implants were inserted in the iliac crests of 11 sheep. The QUS and RFA measurements were realized after different healing times (0, 5, 7, and 15 weeks). The results obtained with the QUS (respectively RFA) method were significantly different when comparing two consecutive healing time for 97% (respectively, 18%) of the implants. The error made on the estimation of the healing time when analyzing the results obtained with the QUS technique was around 10 times lower than that made when using the RFA technique. The results corresponding to the dependence of the ISQ versus healing time were significantly different when comparing two directions of RFA measurement. The results show that the QUS method allows a more accurate determination of the evolution of dental implant stability when compared to the RFA method. This study paves the way towards the development of a medical device, thus providing a decision support system to dental surgeons.

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          Quantitative determination of the stability of the implant-tissue interface using resonance frequency analysis.

          Bone anchored implants are now being used in dentistry for supporting intraoral and craniofacial prostheses. Although high success rates have been reported, a small number of implants may fail during the early healing phase or lateral in function. Currently available clinical methods to determine implant stability and osseointegration are relatively crude and may entail percussing a fixture with a blunt instrument. Radiographs are of value, but a standardised technique is necessary to ensure repeatability. This investigation was designed to study the application of a non-invasive test method using resonance frequency analysis to make quantitative measurements of the stability of the implant tissue interface in-vitro and in-vivo. The resonance frequency of a small transducer was measured when attached to implants embedded at different heights in an aluminum block. A strong correlation (r = 0.94, p < 0.01) was observed between the observed frequency and the height of implantation fixture exposed. The change in stiffness observed in the bone surrounding an implant during healing was modelled by embedding implants in self-curing polymethylmethacrylate and measuring the resonance frequency at periods during polymerisation. A significant increase in resonance frequency was observed related to the increase in stiffness. Resonance frequency measurements were also made on implants in-vivo and the results correlated well with the in-vitro findings.
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            The role of primary stability for successful immediate loading of dental implants. A literature review.

            To assess the role of primary stability for successful immediate loading (IL) of dental implants. Original articles studying the role of primary stability for successful immediate loading of dental implants were included. The reference lists of potentially relevant review articles were also sought. The MEDLINE-PubMed databases were searched for appropriate articles addressing the objectives of the present study. Databases were searched from 1979 up to and including April 2010. The search was performed using a variety of keywords in different combinations. Articles published only in English language were included. Letters to the Editor, historical reviews and unpublished articles were not sought. There is a significant biological response by the hard and soft tissues to IL of dental implants. Within the limitations of the present literature review, it is evident that the core issue to observe during IL is the establishment of a good implant primary stability. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that the degree of achieved primary stability during IL protocols is dependent on several factors including bone density and quality, implant shape, design and surface characteristics and surgical technique. Further research is required in situations, such as poor bone quality and quantity and multiple implants or augmentation procedures, which may challenge the attainment of primary stability during IL. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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              The application of resonance frequency measurements to study the stability of titanium implants during healing in the rabbit tibia.

              The aim of this investigation was to measure the resonance frequency of a number of implants placed in the rabbit tibia at insertion and at predetermined periods thereafter and to correlate the results with histomorphometric measurements made when the animals were sacrificed. Ten mature New Zealand White rabbits were used in the study. Two c.p. threaded titanium implants were placed in the right tibia of each animal. Resonance frequency measurements were made by screwing a small transducer onto a standard abutment mounted on each fixture. Measurements were repeated with the transducer oriented perpendicular and parallel to the long axis of the tibia for all proximal implants 14 and 28 days after placement and in 6 implants additionally at 42, 56, 93, 122 and 168 days after which all animals were sacrificed. Histomorphometric analysis comprised 2 parts; measurement of bone-implant contact area and height. A significant increase in resonance frequency was observed after 14 (405 Hz, +/- 234 Hz) and 28 (658 Hz, +/- 332 Hz) days. The increase in resonance frequency levelled after approximately 40 days and little further change was observed. The variation in bone-implant contact area was relatively small (1.8-4.9 mm2) and the range of bone-implant contact heights was also narrow (-1.5 (-)+ 1.5 mm). Values for resonance frequencies plotted against contact area and height were grouped around 10 kHz. In conclusion, it was shown that resonance frequency measurements can be made at placement and during healing in vivo and changes may be related to the increase in stiffness of an implant in the surrounding tissues.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel)
                sensors
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                MDPI
                1424-8220
                02 May 2018
                May 2018
                : 18
                : 5
                : 1397
                Affiliations
                [1 ]CNRS, Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, MSME UMR CNRS 8208, 61, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil CEDEX, France; romain.vayron@ 123456u-pec.fr (R.V.); vu-hieu.nguyen@ 123456u-pec.fr (V.-H.N.); hugues.albinilomami@ 123456univ-paris-est.fr (H.A.L.)
                [2 ]Centre de Recherche BioMédicale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; benoit.lecuelle@ 123456vet-alfort.fr
                [3 ]Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique, Hôpital Henri Mondor AP-HP, CHU Paris 12, Université Paris-Est, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94000 Créteil, France; meningaud@ 123456me.com (J.-P.M.); romainbosc@ 123456gmail.com (R.B.)
                [4 ]Équipe 10, Groupe 5, IMRB U955, INSERM/UPEC, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: guillaume.haiat@ 123456univ-paris-est.fr ; Tel.: +(33)-1-45-17-14-31
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1724-9083
                Article
                sensors-18-01397
                10.3390/s18051397
                5982662
                29724028
                9cba4ed5-c742-444c-a7ba-242cafb13a44
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 24 January 2018
                : 20 April 2018
                Categories
                Article

                Biomedical engineering
                dental implant,resonance frequency analysis,quantitative ultrasound,osseointegration,implant stability

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