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      Antimicrobial Activity of 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives

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          Abstract

          The worldwide development of antimicrobial resistance forces scientists to search for new compounds to which microbes would be sensitive. Many new structures contain the 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring, which have shown various antimicrobial activity, e.g., antibacterial, antitubercular, antifungal, antiprotozoal and antiviral. In many publications, the activity of new compounds exceeds the activity of already known antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents, so their potential as new drugs is very promising. The review of active antimicrobial 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives is based on the literature from 2015 to 2021.

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          Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon.

          Francesca Prestinaci, Patrizio Pezzotti, Annalisa Pantosti (2015)
          Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious global public health threats in this century. The first World Health Organization (WHO) Global report on surveillance of AMR, published in April 2014, collected for the first time data from national and international surveillance networks, showing the extent of this phenomenon in many parts of the world and also the presence of large gaps in the existing surveillance. In this review, we focus on antibacterial resistance (ABR), which represents at the moment the major problem, both for the high rates of resistance observed in bacteria that cause common infections and for the complexity of the consequences of ABR. We describe the health and economic impact of ABR, the principal risk factors for its emergence and, in particular, we illustrate the highlights of four antibiotic-resistant pathogens of global concern - Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, non-typhoidal Salmonella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis - for whom we report resistance data worldwide. Measures to control the emergence and the spread of ABR are presented.
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            Oxadiazoles in medicinal chemistry.

            Jonas Boström, Anders Hogner, Antonio Llinàs … (2012)
            Oxadiazoles are five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom, and they exist in different regioisomeric forms. Oxadiazoles are frequently occurring motifs in druglike molecules, and they are often used with the intention of being bioisosteric replacements for ester and amide functionalities. The current study presents a systematic comparison of 1,2,4- and 1,3,4-oxadiazole matched pairs in the AstraZeneca compound collection. In virtually all cases, the 1,3,4-oxadiazole isomer shows an order of magnitude lower lipophilicity (log D), as compared to its isomeric partner. Significant differences are also observed with respect to metabolic stability, hERG inhibition, and aqueous solubility, favoring the 1,3,4-oxadiazole isomers. The difference in profile between the 1,2,4 and 1,3,4 regioisomers can be rationalized by their intrinsically different charge distributions (e.g., dipole moments). To facilitate the use of these heteroaromatic rings, novel synthetic routes for ready access of a broad spectrum of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, under mild conditions, are described.
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              Strategies to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Making Use of Non-Essential Target Inhibitors: A Review

              Giannamaria Annunziato (2019)
              Antibiotics have always been considered as one of the most relevant discoveries of the twentieth century. Unfortunately, the dawn of the antibiotic era has sadly corresponded to the rise of the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is a natural process whereby microbes evolve in such a way to withstand the action of drugs. In this context, the identification of new potential antimicrobial targets and/or the identification of new chemical entities as antimicrobial drugs are in great demand. To date, among the many possible approaches used to deal with antibiotic resistance is the use of antibiotic adjuvants that hit bacterial non-essential targets. In this review, the author focuses on the discovery of antibiotic adjuvants and on new tools to study and reduce the prevalence of resistant bacterial infections.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Antonio Palumbo Piccionello: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 June 2021
                Publication date Collection: July 2021
                Volume: 22
                Issue: 13
                Electronic Location Identifier: 6979
                Affiliations
                Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; teresa.glomb@ 123456umed.wroc.pl
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: piotr.swiatek@ 123456umed.wroc.pl ; Tel.: +48-71-784-03-91
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0940-8136
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-025X
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-22-06979
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136979
                PMC ID: 8268636
                PubMed ID: 34209520
                SO-VID: 9d8b2f5e-06e1-44d7-9868-5d448a842cd8
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 01 June 2021
                Date accepted : 25 June 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: 1,3,4-oxadiazole,antimicrobial activity,antibacterial activity,antifungal activity,antiprotozoal activity,antiviral activity
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: 1,3,4-oxadiazole, antimicrobial activity, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, antiprotozoal activity, antiviral activity

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