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      Responsive principles and applications of smart materials in biosensing

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Biosensing is a rising analytical field for detection of biological indicators using transducing systems. Smart materials can response to external stimuli, and translate the stimuli from biological domains into signals that are readable and quantifiable. Smart materials, such as nanomaterials, photonic crystals and hydrogels have been widely used for biosensing purpose. In this review, we illustrate the incorporation of smart materials in biosensing systems, including the design of responsive materials, their responsive mechanism of biosensing, and their applications in detection of four types of common biomolecules (including glucose, nucleic acids, proteins, and enzymes). In the end, we also illustrate the current challenges and prospective of using smart materials in biosensing research fields.

          Highlights

          • •

            Design of smart materials and their responsive principles of biosensing were described.

          • •

            Smart materials for sensing of four common biomolecules (glucose, nucleic acids, proteins, and enzymes) were interpreted.

          • •

            Challenges and prospective of smart materials in biosensing were illustrated.

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          Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

          Fei Zhou, Ting Yu, Ronghui Du … (2020)
          Summary Background Since December, 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described. Methods In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan, China) who had been discharged or had died by Jan 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data, including serial samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Findings 191 patients (135 from Jinyintan Hospital and 56 from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital. 91 (48%) patients had a comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (58 [30%] patients), followed by diabetes (36 [19%] patients) and coronary heart disease (15 [8%] patients). Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (odds ratio 1·10, 95% CI 1·03–1·17, per year increase; p=0·0043), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (5·65, 2·61–12·23; p<0·0001), and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL (18·42, 2·64–128·55; p=0·0033) on admission. Median duration of viral shedding was 20·0 days (IQR 17·0–24·0) in survivors, but SARS-CoV-2 was detectable until death in non-survivors. The longest observed duration of viral shedding in survivors was 37 days. Interpretation The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL could help clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future. Funding Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Science Grant for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; The Beijing Science and Technology Project; and Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development.
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            Toxicity of nanomaterials.

            Shahriar Sharifi, Shahed Behzadi, Sophie Laurent … (2012)
            Nanoscience has matured significantly during the last decade as it has transitioned from bench top science to applied technology. Presently, nanomaterials are used in a wide variety of commercial products such as electronic components, sports equipment, sun creams and biomedical applications. There are few studies of the long-term consequences of nanoparticles on human health, but governmental agencies, including the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and Japan's Ministry of Health, have recently raised the question of whether seemingly innocuous materials such as carbon-based nanotubes should be treated with the same caution afforded known carcinogens such as asbestos. Since nanomaterials are increasing a part of everyday consumer products, manufacturing processes, and medical products, it is imperative that both workers and end-users be protected from inhalation of potentially toxic NPs. It also suggests that NPs may need to be sequestered into products so that the NPs are not released into the atmosphere during the product's life or during recycling. Further, non-inhalation routes of NP absorption, including dermal and medical injectables, must be studied in order to understand possible toxic effects. Fewer studies to date have addressed whether the body can eventually eliminate nanomaterials to prevent particle build-up in tissues or organs. This critical review discusses the biophysicochemical properties of various nanomaterials with emphasis on currently available toxicology data and methodologies for evaluating nanoparticle toxicity (286 references).
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              Biosensors: sense and sensibility.

              Anthony Turner (2013)
              This review is based on the Theophilus Redwood Medal and Award lectures, delivered to Royal Society of Chemistry meetings in the UK and Ireland in 2012, and presents a personal overview of the field of biosensors. The biosensors industry is now worth billions of United States dollars, the topic attracts the attention of national initiatives across the world and tens of thousands of papers have been published in the area. This plethora of information is condensed into a concise account of the key achievements to date. The reasons for success are examined, some of the more exciting emerging technologies are highlighted and the author speculates on the importance of biosensors as a ubiquitous technology of the future for health and the maintenance of wellbeing.
              Article 0 comments Cited 315 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yifeng Lei
                Journal
                Title: Smart Materials in Medicine
                Publisher: The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 2590-1834
                ISSN (Electronic): 2590-1834
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 July 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 July 2020
                Affiliations
                [a ]School of Power and Mechanical Engineering & the Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
                [b ]School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. yifenglei@ 123456whu.edu.cn
                [1]

                Z.Y. Guo and H.Y. Liu contributed equally to this work

                Article
                Publisher ID: S2590-1834(20)30007-7
                DOI: 10.1016/j.smaim.2020.07.001
                PMC ID: 7371594
                PubMed ID: 33349813
                SO-VID: 9e60c50d-5164-41b3-bcf3-f4d3b188368d
                Copyright © © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 9 June 2020
                Date revision received : 7 July 2020
                Date accepted : 8 July 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: biosensing,responsive material,hydrogel,nanomaterial,photonic crystal
                Data availability:
                Keywords: biosensing, responsive material, hydrogel, nanomaterial, photonic crystal

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