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      PennPET Explorer: Design and Preliminary Performance of a Whole-Body Imager

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          Abstract

          We report on the development of the PennPET Explorer whole-body imager. Methods: The PennPET Explorer is a multiring system designed with a long axial field of view. The imager is scalable and comprises multiple 22.9-cm-long ring segments, each with 18 detector modules based on a commercial digital silicon photomultiplier. A prototype 3-segment imager has been completed and tested with an active 64-cm axial field of view. Results: The instrument design is described, and its physical performance measurements are presented. These include sensitivity of 55 kcps/MBq, spatial resolution of 4.0 mm, energy resolution of 12%, timing resolution of 256 ps, and a noise-equivalent count rate above 1,000 kcps beyond 30 kBq/mL. After an evaluation of lesion torso phantoms to characterize quantitative accuracy, human studies were performed on healthy volunteers. Conclusion: The physical performance measurements validated the system design and led to high-quality human studies.

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          Total-Body PET: Maximizing Sensitivity to Create New Opportunities for Clinical Research and Patient Care

          Simon R Cherry, Terry Jones, Joel S Karp … (2018)
          PET is widely considered the most sensitive technique available for noninvasively studying physiology, metabolism, and molecular pathways in the living human being. However, the utility of PET, being a photon-deficient modality, remains constrained by factors including low signal-to-noise ratio, long imaging times, and concerns about radiation dose. Two developments offer the potential to dramatically increase the effective sensitivity of PET. First by increasing the geometric coverage to encompass the entire body, sensitivity can be increased by a factor of about 40 for total-body imaging or a factor of about 4-5 for imaging a single organ such as the brain or heart. The world's first total-body PET/CT scanner is currently under construction to demonstrate how this step change in sensitivity affects the way PET is used both in clinical research and in patient care. Second, there is the future prospect of significant improvements in timing resolution that could lead to further effective sensitivity gains. When combined with total-body PET, this could produce overall sensitivity gains of more than 2 orders of magnitude compared with existing state-of-the-art systems. In this article, we discuss the benefits of increasing body coverage, describe our efforts to develop a first-generation total-body PET/CT scanner, discuss selected application areas for total-body PET, and project the impact of further improvements in time-of-flight PET.
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            Studies of a Next-Generation Silicon-Photomultiplier-Based Time-of-Flight PET/CT System.

            David F C Hsu, Ezgi Ilan, William Peterson … (2017)
            This article presents system performance studies for the Discovery MI PET/CT system, a new time-of-flight system based on silicon photomultipliers. System performance and clinical imaging were compared between this next-generation system and other commercially available PET/CT and PET/MR systems, as well as between different reconstruction algorithms.Methods:Spatial resolution, sensitivity, noise-equivalent counting rate, scatter fraction, counting rate accuracy, and image quality were characterized with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association NU-2 2012 standards. Energy resolution and coincidence time resolution were measured. Tests were conducted independently on two Discovery MI scanners installed at Stanford University and Uppsala University, and the results were averaged. Back-to-back patient scans were also performed between the Discovery MI, Discovery 690 PET/CT, and SIGNA PET/MR systems. Clinical images were reconstructed using both ordered-subset expectation maximization and Q.Clear (block-sequential regularized expectation maximization with point-spread function modeling) and were examined qualitatively.Results:The averaged full widths at half maximum (FWHMs) of the radial/tangential/axial spatial resolution reconstructed with filtered backprojection at 1, 10, and 20 cm from the system center were, respectively, 4.10/4.19/4.48 mm, 5.47/4.49/6.01 mm, and 7.53/4.90/6.10 mm. The averaged sensitivity was 13.7 cps/kBq at the center of the field of view. The averaged peak noise-equivalent counting rate was 193.4 kcps at 21.9 kBq/mL, with a scatter fraction of 40.6%. The averaged contrast recovery coefficients for the image-quality phantom were 53.7, 64.0, 73.1, 82.7, 86.8, and 90.7 for the 10-, 13-, 17-, 22-, 28-, and 37-mm-diameter spheres, respectively. The average photopeak energy resolution was 9.40% FWHM, and the average coincidence time resolution was 375.4 ps FWHM. Clinical image comparisons between the PET/CT systems demonstrated the high quality of the Discovery MI. Comparisons between the Discovery MI and SIGNA showed a similar spatial resolution and overall imaging performance. Lastly, the results indicated significantly enhanced image quality and contrast-to-noise performance for Q.Clear, compared with ordered-subset expectation maximization.Conclusion:Excellent performance was achieved with the Discovery MI, including 375 ps FWHM coincidence time resolution and sensitivity of 14 cps/kBq. Comparisons between reconstruction algorithms and other multimodal silicon photomultiplier and non-silicon photomultiplier PET detector system designs indicated that performance can be substantially enhanced with this next-generation system.
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              Attenuation correction for a combined 3D PET/CT scanner.

              T Beyer, D Townsend, Paul E Kinahan … (1998)
              In this work we demonstrate the proof of principle of CT-based attenuation correction of 3D positron emission tomography (PET) data by using scans of bone and soft tissue equivalent phantoms and scans of humans. This method of attenuation correction is intended for use in a single scanner that combines volume-imaging (3D) PET with x-ray computed tomography (CT) for the purpose of providing accurately registered anatomical localization of structures seen in the PET image. The goal of this work is to determine if we can perform attenuation correction of the PET emission data using accurately aligned CT attenuation information. We discuss possible methods of calculating the PET attenuation map at 511 keV based on CT transmission information acquired from 40 keV through 140 keV. Data were acquired on separate CT and PET scanners and were aligned using standard image registration procedures. Results are presented on three of the attenuation calculation methods: segmentation, scaling, and our proposed hybrid segmentation/scaling method. The results are compared with those using the standard 3D PET attenuation correction method as a gold standard. We demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed hybrid method for converting the CT attenuation map from an effective CT photon energy of 70 keV to the PET photon energy of 511 keV. We conclude that using CT information is a feasible way to obtain attenuation correction factors for 3D PET.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Nucl Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Nucl. Med
                Journal ID (hwp): jnumed
                Journal ID (publisher-id): jnm
                Title: Journal of Nuclear Medicine
                Publisher: Society of Nuclear Medicine
                ISSN (Print): 0161-5505
                ISSN (Electronic): 1535-5667
                Publication date (Print): January 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: January 2020
                Volume: 61
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 136-143
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
                [2 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
                [3 ]KAGE Medical, Wayne, Pennsylvania; and
                [4 ]Philips Healthcare, Highland Heights, Ohio
                Author notes
                For correspondence or reprints contact: Joel S. Karp, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, 154 John Morgan Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail: joelkarp@ 123456pennmedicine.upenn.edu

                Published online Jun. 21, 2019.

                Article
                Publisher ID: 229997
                DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.229997
                PMC ID: 6954465
                PubMed ID: 31227573
                SO-VID: 9fb62da9-c2d8-4e39-94d7-971fbb56f7a5
                Copyright © © 2020 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.
                License:

                Immediate Open Access: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY) allows users to share and adapt with attribution, excluding materials credited to previous publications. License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Details: http://jnm.snmjournals.org/site/misc/permission.xhtml.

                History
                Date received : 18 April 2019
                Date accepted : 03 June 2019
                Page count
                Pages: 8
                Categories
                Subject: Physics and Instrumentation
                Subject: Translational

                Keywords: pet,whole-body imager,nema performance
                Data availability:
                Keywords: pet, whole-body imager, nema performance

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