Sex-Specific Relationship Between Long-Term Maintenance of Physical Activity and Cognition in the Health ABC Study: Potential Role of Hippocampal and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Volume

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Abstract

Physical activity (PA) is a promising strategy for the promotion of brain health, although substantial variation exists in the effects of PA at the individual level. Given the greater prevalence and faster progression of Alzheimer's disease in women compared to men, and known sex differences in brain architecture, analysis of sex differences in the relationship between PA, cognition, and brain region volumes is warranted.

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Neurobiological markers of exercise-related brain plasticity in older adults.

Brandt Pence, Laura Chaddock-Heyman, Edward McAuley … (2013)

The current study examined how a randomized one-year aerobic exercise program for healthy older adults would affect serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) - putative markers of exercise-induced benefits on brain function. The study also examined whether (a) change in the concentration of these growth factors was associated with alterations in functional connectivity following exercise, and (b) the extent to which pre-intervention growth factor levels were associated with training-related changes in functional connectivity. In 65 participants (mean age=66.4), we found that although there were no group-level changes in growth factors as a function of the intervention, increased temporal lobe connectivity between the bilateral parahippocampus and the bilateral middle temporal gyrus was associated with increased BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF for an aerobic walking group but not for a non-aerobic control group, and greater pre-intervention VEGF was associated with greater training-related increases in this functional connection. Results are consistent with animal models of exercise and the brain, but are the first to show in humans that exercise-induced increases in temporal lobe functional connectivity are associated with changes in growth factors and may be augmented by greater baseline VEGF. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Sex differences in exercise efficacy to improve cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in older humans.

Lindsay S. Nagamatsu, Teresa Liu-Ambrose, Cindy Barha … (2017)

Exercise is a non-pharmacological strategy to mitigate the deleterious effects of aging on brain health. However, a large amount of variation exists in its efficacy. Sex of participants and exercise type are two possible factors contributing to this variation. To better understand this, we conducted a concurrent systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitively healthy older adults. Executive functions, episodic memory, visuospatial function, word fluency, processing speed and global cognitive function were examined for exercise- and sex-dependent effects. For executive functions, three types of exercise interventions - aerobic training, resistance training, and multimodal training (i.e., both aerobic and resistance training) - were associated with larger effect sizes in studies comprised of a higher percentage of women compared to studies with a lower percentage of women. This suggests that women's executive processes may benefit more from exercise than men. Regardless of sex, compared to control, all three exercise training approaches enhanced visuospatial function, but only multimodal training enhanced episodic memory. Overall, aerobic training led to greater benefits than resistance training in global cognitive function and executive functions, while multimodal combined training led to greater benefits than aerobic training for global cognitive function, episodic memory, and word fluency. Possible underlying mechanisms, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor and sex steroid hormones, are discussed.

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Physical activity and cognitive vitality.

Ruchika Prakash, Michelle W. Voss, Kirk I Erickson … (2015)

We examine evidence supporting the associations among physical activity (PA), cognitive vitality, neural functioning, and the moderation of these associations by genetic factors. Prospective epidemiological studies provide evidence for PA to be associated with a modest reduction in relative risk of cognitive decline. An evaluation of the PA-cognition link across the life span provides modest support for the effect of PA on preserving and even enhancing cognitive vitality and the associated neural circuitry in older adults, with the majority of benefits seen for tasks that are supported by the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. The literature on children and young adults, however, is in need of well-powered randomized controlled trials. Future directions include a more sophisticated understanding of the dose-response relationship, the integration of genetic and epigenetic approaches, inclusion of multimodal imaging of brain-behavior changes, and finally the design of multimodal interventions that may yield broader improvements in cognitive function.

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Author and article information

Journal

Title: The Journals of Gerontology: Series A

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

ISSN (Print): 1079-5006

ISSN (Electronic): 1758-535X

Publication date Created: April 08 2019

Publication date (Electronic): April 08 2019

Affiliations

[1 ]Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver

[2 ]Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

[3 ]Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

[4 ]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California

[5 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California

[6 ]Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California

[7 ]Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada

Article

DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz093

PMC ID: 7931854

PubMed ID: 30958523

SO-VID: a134064c-dace-4f54-adb4-50984e95bf79

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https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model

Sex-Specific Relationship Between Long-Term Maintenance of Physical Activity and Cognition in the Health ABC Study: Potential Role of Hippocampal and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Volume

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Most cited references 27

Neurobiological markers of exercise-related brain plasticity in older adults.

Sex differences in exercise efficacy to improve cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in older humans.

Physical activity and cognitive vitality.

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