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      Recurrent nitrofurantoin-induced giant cell interstitial pneumonia: Case report and literature review

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          Abstract

          Giant cell interstitial pneumonia (GIP) is a rare form of chronic interstitial pneumonia typically associated with hard metal exposure. Only two cases of GIP induced by nitrofurantoin have been reported in the medical literature. We are reporting a case of recurrent nitrofurantoin-induced GIP. Although extremely rare, GIP needs to be included in the differential diagnosis in patients with chronic nitrofurantoin use who present with respiratory illness.

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          Most cited references18

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          Other antimicrobials of interest in the era of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin and tigecycline.

          J Garau (2007)
          The progressive increase of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) -producing enteric bacteria in recent years has called for a re-evaluation of current antibiotic therapy for these infections. The activity and potential use of two old antimicrobials, nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin, and the new compound tigecycline for treatment of infections due to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, with special emphasis on E. coli, are reviewed. Fosfomycin continues to be active against the most common uropathogens; in a recent survey from Spain, among the 428 ESBL-producing isolates, the resistance rate of E. coli to fosfomycin was 0.3%, whereas the resistance rate of K. pneumoniae was 7.2%. Other recent surveys, from other parts of the world, confirm the activity of fosfomycin against ESBL-producing E. coli. The rate of resistance to nitrofurantoin in recent surveys in the USA and Canada was 1.1% among 1142 isolates of E. coli from outpatient urinary isolates. However, among 115 clinical isolates of E. coli ESBL producers, only 71.3% were sensitive to nitrofurantoin. Also, E. coli resistance to nitrofurantoin has been reported to be high in a recent survey in Latin American hospitals and in Italy. Tigecycline is a glycylcycline that circumvents efflux and ribosomal protection, the two most frequent genetic mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. The recent activity of tigecycline against 285 nonclonally related isolates expressing well-characterised ESBLs from hospital settings and the community reveal susceptibility rates for tigecycline of 97.5%. Because responses to nitrofurantoin may be less satisfactory and may require longer courses of therapy, nitrofurantoin is considered to be an alternative, rather than a first-line, therapeutic agent for this clinical syndrome. Fosfomycin trometamol is a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of cystitis and asymptomatic UTI during pregnancy, and has become, in many countries, the first choice for treatment of any type of cystitis. Finally, for treatment of systemic infections in the hospital setting, tigecycline could be an option that would reduce selection for ESBL-producing organisms.
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            Adverse reactions to nitrofurantoin. Analysis of 921 reports.

            Reports on adverse reactions to nitrofurantoin today are common in Sweden and constitute 10 to 12 percent of all incoming reports. We present an analysis of 921 reports of adverse reactions received by the Swedish Adverse Drug Reaction Committee during the period 1966--1976. The two largest groups consist of reports of acute pulmonary reactions (43 percent) and allergic reactions (42 percent). The remaining reports fall into any of four smaller groups, chronic pulmonary reactions, liver damage, blood dyscrasias or neuropathy. Acute pulmonary and acute allergic reactions in all aspects are very similar and carry the characteristics of an acute hypersensitivity reaction. The increasing number of reports--even in relation to sales figures--would be best explained by a continuous sensitization. Chronic pulmonary reactions (interstitial pneumonitis) afflict older patients, often after prolonged treatment with relatively small doses. We suggest that these reactions are elicited by a toxic mechanism. Seventy-one percent of all reactions were severe enough to cause the patient's hospitalization; only 1 percent was fatal. The risk of an adverse reaction varies with sex and age, increases with age and is higher in women than in men. The time has come for a re-evaluation of nitrofurantoin and its role in the treatment of urinary tract infections.
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              Pathologic spectrum and lung dust burden in giant cell interstitial pneumonia (hard metal disease/cobalt pneumonitis): review of 100 cases.

              Hard metal disease (HMD), the interstitial lung disease caused by dusts in the cemented tungsten carbide (WC) industry, has been attributed to cobalt. The rare histologic pattern of giant cell interstitial pneumonia (GIP) is characteristic in HMD. The authors reviewed the history of HMD and 100 cases of HMD that they have seen over 5 decades. GIP was proven in 59; analysis of the lung inorganic particle burden by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy confirmed HMD in the other 41. Cases have been diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage, lung biopsy, and autopsy. Histopathology findings range from focal peribronchiolar inflammation to diffuse interstitial fibrosis and honeycombing. GIP cases in the WC industry reveal elevated concentrations of tungsten in all, but cobalt was detected in only 6 ( approximately 10%). Of the 746 diverse cases in the authors' analytical database, almost all cases with the highest tungsten concentration showed GIP. This study confirms that GIP is effectively pathognomonic for HMD.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Respir Med Case Rep
                Respir Med Case Rep
                Respiratory Medicine Case Reports
                Elsevier
                2213-0071
                29 January 2015
                2015
                29 January 2015
                : 14
                : 49-52
                Affiliations
                [a ]Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
                [b ]Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Joseph Hospital, Presence Health, Chicago, IL, USA
                [c ]Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. 800 Washington Street, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA. Tel.: +1 6176365000; fax: +1 6176361580. Blee4@ 123456tuftsmedicalcenter.org
                Article
                S2213-0071(15)00003-9
                10.1016/j.rmcr.2015.01.002
                4356049
                26029579
                a1683343-73d1-4526-9ab0-c2c5ba2e24e2
                © 2015 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Categories
                Case Report

                giant cells,nitrofurantoin,lung toxicity,interstitial pneumonia,metals

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