Citicoline in Ophthalmological Neurodegenerative Disease: A Comprehensive Review

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Abstract

Cytidine 5’-diphosphocholine has been widely studied in systemic neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and brain ischemia. The rationale for the use of citicoline in ophthalmological neurodegenerative diseases, including glaucoma, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy, is founded on its multifactorial mechanism of action and the involvement in several metabolic pathways, including phospholipid homeostasis, mitochondrial dynamics, as well as cholinergic and dopaminergic transmission, all being involved in the complexity of the visual transmission. This narrative review is aimed at reporting both pre-clinical data regarding the involvement of citicoline in such metabolic pathways (including new insights about its role in the intracellular proteostasis through an interaction with the proteasome) and its effects on clinical psychophysical, electrophysiological, and morphological outcomes following its use in ophthalmological neurodegenerative diseases (including the results of the most recent prospective randomized clinical trials).

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Global Prevalence and Major Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy

Joanne Yau, Sophie L. Rogers, Ryo Kawasaki … (2012)

OBJECTIVE To examine the global prevalence and major risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR) among people with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A pooled analysis using individual participant data from population-based studies around the world was performed. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify all population-based studies in general populations or individuals with diabetes who had ascertained DR from retinal photographs. Studies provided data for DR end points, including any DR, proliferative DR, diabetic macular edema, and VTDR, and also major systemic risk factors. Pooled prevalence estimates were directly age-standardized to the 2010 World Diabetes Population aged 20–79 years. RESULTS A total of 35 studies (1980–2008) provided data from 22,896 individuals with diabetes. The overall prevalence was 34.6% (95% CI 34.5–34.8) for any DR, 6.96% (6.87–7.04) for proliferative DR, 6.81% (6.74–6.89) for diabetic macular edema, and 10.2% (10.1–10.3) for VTDR. All DR prevalence end points increased with diabetes duration, hemoglobin A1c, and blood pressure levels and were higher in people with type 1 compared with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS There are approximately 93 million people with DR, 17 million with proliferative DR, 21 million with diabetic macular edema, and 28 million with VTDR worldwide. Longer diabetes duration and poorer glycemic and blood pressure control are strongly associated with DR. These data highlight the substantial worldwide public health burden of DR and the importance of modifiable risk factors in its occurrence. This study is limited by data pooled from studies at different time points, with different methodologies and population characteristics.

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Autophagy: cellular and molecular mechanisms.

Danielle Glick, Sandra Barth, Kay F Macleod (2010)

Autophagy is a self-degradative process that is important for balancing sources of energy at critical times in development and in response to nutrient stress. Autophagy also plays a housekeeping role in removing misfolded or aggregated proteins, clearing damaged organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes, as well as eliminating intracellular pathogens. Thus, autophagy is generally thought of as a survival mechanism, although its deregulation has been linked to non-apoptotic cell death. Autophagy can be either non-selective or selective in the removal of specific organelles, ribosomes and protein aggregates, although the mechanisms regulating aspects of selective autophagy are not fully worked out. In addition to elimination of intracellular aggregates and damaged organelles, autophagy promotes cellular senescence and cell surface antigen presentation, protects against genome instability and prevents necrosis, giving it a key role in preventing diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, liver disease, autoimmune diseases and infections. This review summarizes the most up-to-date findings on how autophagy is executed and regulated at the molecular level and how its disruption can lead to disease. Copyright (c) 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990-2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Seth R Flaxman, Rupert Bourne, Serge Resnikoff … (2017)

Contemporary data for causes of vision impairment and blindness form an important basis of recommendations in public health policies. Refreshment of the Global Vision Database with recently published data sources permitted modelling of cause of vision loss data from 1990 to 2015, further disaggregation by cause, and forecasts to 2020.

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Paweł Grieb: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): pharmaceuticals

Title: Pharmaceuticals

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8247

Publication date (Electronic): 20 March 2021

Publication date Collection: March 2021

Volume: 14

Issue: 3

Electronic Location Identifier: 281

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[1 ]IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Via Livenza, 3, 00198 Rome, Italy; oddonef@ 123456gmail.com (F.O.); diego.sbardella@ 123456fondazionebietti.it (D.S.); luxzic@ 123456hotmail.com (L.Z.); gloriaroberti82@ 123456gmail.com (G.R.); carmela.carnevale@ 123456fondazionebietti.it (C.C.); vmparisi@ 123456gmail.com (V.P.)

[2 ]Eye Clinic, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Via Antonio di Rudinì, 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; luca.rossetti@ 123456unimi.it (L.R.); romanodario@ 123456gmail.com (D.R.)

[3 ]Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; coletta@ 123456uniroma2.it (M.C.); gianlucamanni53@ 123456gmail.com (G.M.)

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[* ]Correspondence: mcparravano@ 123456gmail.com ; Tel.: +39-6-8535-6727

Author information

Francesco Oddone https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2504-0004

Massimo Coletta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5489-9467

Lucia Ziccardi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5563-1243

Gloria Roberti https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8788-5785

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Publisher ID: pharmaceuticals-14-00281

DOI: 10.3390/ph14030281

PMC ID: 8003774

PubMed ID: 33804675

SO-VID: a3a91483-8f29-4c9f-b689-d965a2717482

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Citicoline in Ophthalmological Neurodegenerative Disease: A Comprehensive Review

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Karger: Ophthalmology

Most cited references 126

Global Prevalence and Major Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy

Autophagy: cellular and molecular mechanisms.

Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990-2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

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