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      Incidence and management of patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous and metachronous colorectal metastases: a population‐based study

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          Abstract

          Background

          This population‐based study aimed to examine the incidence, patterns and results of multimodal management of metastatic colorectal cancer.

          Methods

          A retrospective population‐based study was conducted on patients with metastatic colorectal cancer in Central Finland in 2000–2015. Clinical and histopathological data were retrieved and descriptive analysis was conducted to determine the pattern of metastatic disease, defined as synchronous, early metachronous (within 12 months of diagnosis of primary disease) and late metachronous (more than 12 months after diagnosis). Subgroups were compared for resection and overall survival (OS) rates.

          Results

          Of 1671 patients, 296 (17·7 per cent) had synchronous metastases, and 255 (19·6 per cent) of 1302 patients with resected stage I–III tumours developed metachronous metastases (94 early and 161 late metastases). Liver, pulmonary and intraperitoneal metastases were the most common sites. The commonest metastatic patterns were a combination of liver and lung metastases. The overall metastasectomy rate for patients with synchronous metastases was 16·2 per cent; in this subgroup, 3‐ and 5‐year OS rates after any resection were 63 and 44 per cent respectively, compared with 7·1 and 3·3 per cent following no resection ( P < 0·001). The resection rate was higher for late than for early metachronous disease (28·0 versus 17 per cent respectively; P = 0·048). Three‐ and 5‐year OS rates after any resection of metachronous metastases were 78 and 62 per cent respectively versus 42·1 and 18·2 per cent with no metastasectomy ( P < 0·001). Similarly, 3‐ and 5‐year OS rates after any metastasectomy for early metachronous metastases were 57 and 50 per cent versus 84 and 66 per cent for late metachronous metastases ( P = 0·293).

          Conclusion

          The proportion of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer was consistent with that in earlier population‐based studies, as were resection rates for liver and lung metastases and survival after resection. Differentiation between synchronous, early and late metachronous metastases can improve assessment of resectability and survival.

          Abstract

          In a study of the incidence and management of metastatic colorectal cancer in a population‐based cohort, 17·7 per cent of 1671 patients with colorectal cancer had synchronous metastases, and 19·6 per cent of 1302 patients who had resection of stage I–III tumours developed metachronous metastases. In the whole population, the proportion of patients with any metastasis was 33·0 per cent.

          Metastasis from colorectal cancer

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes

          El objetivo de este estudio de base poblacional fue analizar la incidencia, la forma de presentación y los resultados del tratamiento multimodal del cáncer colorrectal metastásico ( metastatic colorectal cancer, mCRC).

          Métodos

          Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de base poblacional en pacientes con mCRC en la región central de Finlandia entre 2000 a 2015. Se recuperaron los datos clínicos e histopatológicos y se realizó un análisis descriptivo con el objetivo de analizar la forma de presentación de la enfermedad metastásica. La enfermedad metastásica se definió como sincrónica, metacrónica precoz (< 12 meses) y metacrónica tardía (> 12 meses después del diagnóstico de la enfermedad primaria) y se compararon las tasas de resección y de supervivencia global ( overall survival, OS) en estos subgrupos.

          Resultados

          De los 1.671 pacientes revisados, 296 (17,7%) presentaron metástasis sincrónicas, mientras que de los 1.302 pacientes resecados en estadios I‐III, 255 (19,6%) tuvieron metástasis metacrónicas: 94 precoces y 161 tardías. La localización metastásica más frecuente fue el hígado, los pulmones y el peritoneo. La combinación más frecuente fue la de metástasis hepáticas y pulmonares. La tasa de resección para pacientes con metástasis sincrónicas fue del 16,2%; en este subgrupo, la OS a 3 y 5 años después de cualquier tipo de resección fue del 62,6% y 44,2% versus 7,1% y 3,3% en los pacientes sin resección, respectivamente ( P < 0,001). La tasa de resección fue mayor en la enfermedad metacrónica tardía que en la enfermedad metacrónica precoz (28% versus 17%, P = 0,048). Las tasas de OS a 3 y 5 años después de cualquier resección en los casos de metástasis metacrónicas fueron del 77,8% y 61,9% versus 42,1% y 18,2% en los pacientes sin metastasectomía, P < 0,001. Las tasas de OS a 3 y 5 años después de cualquier metastasectomía en los casos de metástasis metacrónicas precoces fueron del 57,4% y 50,3%, versus 84,3% y 65,6% en las tardías ( P = 0,29)

          Conclusión

          La proporción de pacientes con mCRC fue similar a la de estudios anteriores de base poblacional, así como las tasas de resección para metástasis hepáticas y pulmonares y la supervivencia después de la resección. Diferenciar entre metástasis sincrónicas, metacrónicas precoces y tardías puede mejorar la posibilidad de resecabilidad y la supervivencia.

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          Most cited references14

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          A population-based study of the incidence, management and prognosis of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer.

          The aim of this population-based study was to evaluate the incidence, management and prognosis of patients with hepatic metastases related to colorectal cancer using data from the Digestive Cancer Registry of Calvados, France. Of 1325 patients with colorectal cancer registered between January 1994 and December 1999, 358 developed hepatic metastases. Logistic regression was used to analyse prognostic factors. Survival analysis was carried out with Cox's proportional hazards model. Some 18.8 per cent of patients had synchronous metastases, while 29.3 per cent developed metastases at 3 years. Of patients with hepatic metastases, 17.3 per cent had a surgical resection, 40.2 per cent were treated with palliative chemotherapy and 42.5 per cent had symptomatic treatment. Factors associated with receiving symptomatic treatment only were age over 75 years and more than one metastasis, but not place of treatment. Median survival after a diagnosis of hepatic metastases was 10.7 (range 4.6-23.1) months. Significant adverse prognostic factors were: age over 75 years (P = 0.001), lymph node invasion of primary tumour (P = 0.024), bilateral distribution of metastases (P = 0.001), other metastases (P = 0.004) and symptomatic treatment only (P = 0.041). Despite improvement in treatment for hepatic metastases, age and extent of disease remain limiting factors for surgical resection and palliative chemotherapy.
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            Epidemiology, management and prognosis of colorectal cancer with lung metastases: a 30-year population-based study.

            Epidemiological data on synchronous and metachronous lung metastases from colorectal cancer are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine trends in the incidence, treatment and survival in colorectal cancer with lung metastases in the general population. All cases of lung metastases from colorectal cancer registered in the Burgundy digestive cancer registry between 1976 and 2005 were included. Trends in the incidence of synchronous colorectal cancer lung metastases were estimated. A Cox model was used to analyse the risk of developing a metachronous metastasis. Multivariate analyses were performed using a relative survival model with proportional hazard applied to the net survival by interval. Overall, 11.0% of patients had synchronous lung metastases. The frequency of synchronous lung metastases significantly increased for both sexes over time, with a nearly threefold increase between the periods 1976-1985 and 1996-2005. The overall 5-year cumulative risk of developing metachronous lung metastases was 5.8%. It did not significantly vary with time. Compared to colon cancer, rectal cancers had a higher risk of developing synchronous (OR: 2.80 (1.65-4.76)) and metachronous (OR: 2.63 (1.69-4.08)) lung metastases. Overall, 4.1% of synchronous lung metastases and 14.3% of metachronous lung metastases were resected for cure. The 3-year relative survival was 11.3% for synchronous lung metastases and 13.8% for metachronous lung metastases. It was, respectively, 53.0% and 59.2% after resection for cure. In multivariate analysis, the relative risk of death for the 1996-2005 period was about one fifth of that for the 1976-1985 period. The incidence of synchronous lung metastases increased over time, whereas the incidence of metachronous lung metastases remained stable. Lung metastases were more frequent in rectal cancer than in colon cancer. Unless surgical resection is possible, the prognosis for lung metastases remains very poor.
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              Surgical resection of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer: a systematic review of published series.

              The treatment of patients with pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer continues to evolve. Recently the use of novel agents as a first-line treatment in metastatic colorectal disease has generated cautious optimism in the oncological community. However, pulmonary metastasectomy remains a mainstay in a multidisciplinary concept for a highly selected subset of patients. A selected group of patients with metastases limited to the lungs may benefit from pulmonary metastasectomy with a 5-year survival rate of up to more than 50%. This review evaluates the current status of surgical resection in pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer, with special emphasis on prognostic factors that influence survival, as well as on surgical approach and lymph node dissection and its impact on the management of patients with metastatic colorectal disease.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                ville.vayrynen@ksshp.fi
                Journal
                BJS Open
                BJS Open
                10.1002/(ISSN)2474-9842
                BJS5
                BJS Open
                John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (Chichester, UK )
                2474-9842
                16 June 2020
                August 2020
                : 4
                : 4 ( doiID: 10.1002/bjs5.v4.4 )
                : 685-692
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Departments of Gastrointestinal Surgery Jyväskylä Finland
                [ 2 ] Thoracic Surgery Jyväskylä Finland
                [ 3 ] Oncology Central Hospital of Central Finland Jyväskylä Finland
                [ 4 ] Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
                [ 5 ] Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
                [ 6 ] Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
                [ 7 ] Department of Surgical Oncology Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore Maryland USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence to: Dr V. Väyrynen, Department of Surgery, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Keskussairaalantie 19, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland (e‐mail: ville.vayrynen@ 123456ksshp.fi )
                Article
                BJS550299
                10.1002/bjs5.50299
                7397359
                32543788
                a3b4e592-7b86-4488-ac64-fb3fa705eea1
                © 2020 The Authors. BJS Open published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Journal of Surgery Society

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 28 January 2020
                : 17 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Pages: 8, Words: 4057
                Categories
                HPB
                Lower GI
                Original Article
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                August 2020
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.6 mode:remove_FC converted:03.08.2020

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