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Molecular Pathogenesis of Gene Regulation by the miR-150 Duplex: miR-150-3p Regulates TNS4 in Lung Adenocarcinoma
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      Novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of COVID-19

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          To date, there is no licensed treatment or approved vaccine to combat the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), and the number of new cases and mortality multiplies every day. Therefore, it is essential to develop an effective treatment strategy to control the virus spread and prevent the disease. Here, we summarized the therapeutic approaches that are used to treat this infection. Although it seems that antiviral drugs are effective in improving clinical manifestation, there is no definite treatment protocol. Lymphocytopenia, excessive inflammation, and cytokine storm followed by acute respiratory distress syndrome are still unsolved issues causing the severity of this disease. Therefore, immune response modulation and inflammation management can be considered as an essential step. There is no doubt that more studies are required to clarify immunopathogenesis and immune response; however, new therapeutic approaches including mesenchymal stromal cell and immune cell therapy showed inspiring results.

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Chaolin Huang, Yeming Wang, Xingwang Li … (2020)
          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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            SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

            Markus Hoffmann, Hannah Kleine-Weber, Simon Schroeder … (2020)
            Summary The recent emergence of the novel, pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency. Cell entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike (S) proteins to cellular receptors and on S protein priming by host cell proteases. Unravelling which cellular factors are used by SARS-CoV-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option. Finally, we show that the sera from convalescent SARS patients cross-neutralized SARS-2-S-driven entry. Our results reveal important commonalities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention.
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              First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States

              Michelle Holshue, Chas DeBolt, Scott Lindquist … (2020)
              Summary An outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) that began in Wuhan, China, has spread rapidly, with cases now confirmed in multiple countries. We report the first case of 2019-nCoV infection confirmed in the United States and describe the identification, diagnosis, clinical course, and management of the case, including the patient’s initial mild symptoms at presentation with progression to pneumonia on day 9 of illness. This case highlights the importance of close coordination between clinicians and public health authorities at the local, state, and federal levels, as well as the need for rapid dissemination of clinical information related to the care of patients with this emerging infection.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Peter Timashev:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7773-2435
                timashev.peter@gmail.com
                Massoud Vosough: masvos@royaninstitute.org
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Mol Med (Berl)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Mol. Med
                Title: Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany)
                Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 0946-2716
                ISSN (Electronic): 1432-1440
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 June 2020
                Pages: 1-15
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.411600.2, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
                [2 ]GRID grid.411600.2, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
                [3 ]GRID grid.417689.5, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, , ACECR, ; Tehran, Iran
                [4 ]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
                [5 ]GRID grid.448878.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2288 8774, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, , Sechenov University, ; Moscow, Russia
                [6 ]GRID grid.14476.30, ISNI 0000 0001 2342 9668, Chemistry Department, , Lomonosov Moscow State University, ; Moscow, Russia
                [7 ]GRID grid.411600.2, Department of Molecular Biology, Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
                [8 ]GRID grid.424930.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0637 9621, Department of Polymers and Composites, , NN Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, ; Moscow, Russia
                [9 ]GRID grid.4886.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2192 9124, Institute of Photon Technologies, Federal Research Center Crystallography and Photonics RAS, ; Moscow, Russia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7773-2435
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1927
                DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01927-6
                PMC ID: 7268974
                PubMed ID: 32494931
                SO-VID: a49ec48b-a4d5-40e9-9154-16cac49b4987
                Copyright © © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 15 April 2020
                Date revision received : 11 May 2020
                Date accepted : 19 May 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: covid-19,coronavirus,therapeutic approaches,severe acute respiratory syndrome,acute respiratory distress syndrome,cell therapy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: covid-19, coronavirus, therapeutic approaches, severe acute respiratory syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cell therapy

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