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      • Record: found
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      Effect of single-dose low-level helium-neon laser irradiation on orthodontic pain: a split-mouth single-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial

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          Abstract

          Background

          Pain is the most common complication of orthodontic treatment. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been suggested as a new analgesic treatment free of the adverse effects of analgesic medications. However, it is not studied thoroughly, and the available studies are quite controversial. Moreover, helium neon (He-Ne) laser has not been assessed before.

          Methods

          This split-mouth placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial was performed on 16 male and 14 female orthodontic patients requiring bilateral upper canine retraction. The study was performed at a private clinic in Sari, Iran, in 2014. It was single blind: patients, orthodontist, and personnel were blinded of the allocations, but the laser operator (periodontist) was not blinded. Once canine retractor was activated, a randomly selected maxillary quarter received a single dose of He-Ne laser irradiation (632.8 nm, 10 mw, 6 j/cm 2 density). The other quarter served as the placebo side, treated by the same device but powered off. In the first, second, fourth, and seventh days, blinded patients rated their pain sensed on each side at home using visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaires. There was no harm identified during or after the study. Pain changes were analyzed using two- and one-way repeated-measures ANOVA, Bonferroni, and t-test ( α = 0.01, β > 0.99). This trial was not registered. It was self-funded by the authors.

          Results

          Sixteen males and 11 females remained in the study (aged 12–21). Average pain scores sensed in all 4 intervals on control and laser sides were 4.06 ± 2.85 and 2.35 ± 1.77, respectively ( t-test P < 0.0001). One-way ANOVA showed significant pain declines over time, in each group ( P < 0.0001). Two-way ANOVA showed significant effects for LLLT ( P < 0.0001) and time ( P = <0.0001).

          Conclusions

          Single-dose He-Ne laser therapy might reduce orthodontic pain caused by retracting maxillary canines.

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          Most cited references50

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          Orthodontic pain: from causes to management--a review.

          Viswanathan Krishnan (2007)
          Orthodontic pain, the most cited negative effect arising from orthodontic force application, is a major concern for parents, patients, and clinicians. Studies have reported this reaction to be a major deterrent to orthodontic treatment and an important reason for discontinuing treatment. Surprisingly this area, which requires attention in clinical practice as well as in research, is ignored as evidenced by the scarcity of publications on the topic in comparison with other areas of orthodontic research. This review attempts to organize the existing published literature regarding pain, which appears as part of orthodontic mechanotherapy and to address questions that might arise in a clinical setting from the viewpoint of clinicians and patients/parents. It also provides an overview of current management strategies employed for alleviating orthodontic pain.
          Article 0 comments Cited 96 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Perception of discomfort by patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.

            P Ngan, B Kess, Peter Wilson (1989)
            The purpose of this study was to determine the perception of discomfort over time by a group of 70 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Patients who were selected for comprehensive orthodontic treatment completed questionnaires before insertion of separators and initial arch wires and after placement at 4 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days. The level of discomfort during these time periods was assessed by a visual analogue scale. The results showed a significant increase in the level of discomfort after insertion of either separators or arch wires at 4 hours and 24 hours, but not at 7 days. No significant difference was found in the level of discomfort of patients more than 16 years of age compared with those 16 years and under. No significant difference in discomfort was found between the sexes. These results are useful in relating expectations of discomfort to patients who undergo orthodontic treatment.
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              Perception of pain as a result of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.

              Scott Burgin, Millicent A. Firestone, P Scheurer (1996)
              The aims of this study were to investigate the intensity, location and duration of patients' discomfort following insertion of orthodontic appliances, and to examine for interactions between patient age, gender, appliance type and the perception of pain. After insertion of orthodontic appliances, 170 patients received eight questionnaires, one they completed and returned after 4 h, then one daily for 7 days. The respondents' ages ranged from 8-53 years (median age 13 years 7 months); 45 per cent were male and 55 per cent female. Of the patients, 65 per cent reported pain after 4 h and 95 per cent after 24 h. After 7 days, 25 per cent of the patients still reported discomfort. Patients' pain intensity scores were significantly higher for the anterior than for the posterior teeth. On day 1, 16 per cent took analgesics and 18 per cent reported being awakened the first night. Comparing a 2 x 4 appliance, a full appliance in one arch and in both arches, no statistical differences were found for reported pain frequency, general intensity of pain, pain at the teeth, discomfort when biting and chewing and analgesic consumption. The perception of general pain intensity, analgesic consumption, pain when eating and the influence of discomfort on daily life were all significantly greater in girls than in boys. Patients younger than 13 years reported pain significantly less frequently than the older patients. The highest frequency of pain was found in the group of 13-16 year olds. The pain intensity did not differ among the age groups.
              Article 0 comments Cited 75 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Farhad Sobouti: farhad_sobouti@yahoo.com
                Maziar Khatami: mzkhatami@gmail.com
                Nasim Chiniforush: nasimch2002@yahoo.com
                Vahid Rakhshan: vahid.rakhshan@gmail.com
                Mahsa Shariati: mahsa.shariati@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Prog Orthod
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Prog Orthod
                Title: Progress in Orthodontics
                Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 1723-7785
                ISSN (Electronic): 2196-1042
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 September 2015
                Publication date PMC-release: 29 September 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 16
                Electronic Location Identifier: 32
                Affiliations
                [ ]Department of Orthodontics, Dental Faculty, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
                [ ]Department of Periodontics, Dental Faculty, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
                [ ]Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [ ]Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [ ]Department of Dental Anatomy and Morphology, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
                [ ]Craniomaxillofacial Surgery Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Postal Code: 14174, North Kargar Ave., 16 Azar ST, Tehran, Iran
                Article
                Publisher ID: 102
                DOI: 10.1186/s40510-015-0102-0
                PMC ID: 4883614
                PubMed ID: 26446930
                SO-VID: a4c87409-4473-47f0-b2f5-2d069f541a95
                Copyright © © Sobouti et al. 2015
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Date received : 23 June 2015
                Date accepted : 13 September 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2015

                Keywords: low-level laser therapy (lllt),helium-neon (he-ne) laser,orthodontic pain,canine retraction,placebo,visual analog scale (vas),laser irradiation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: low-level laser therapy (lllt), helium-neon (he-ne) laser, orthodontic pain, canine retraction, placebo, visual analog scale (vas), laser irradiation

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