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      First report of Rhodnius stali Lent, Jurberg & Galvão, 1993 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), vector of Trypanosoma cruzi (TcI) and Trypanosoma rangeli (TrA), in Rondônia, Southwestern Brazilian Amazonia

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          Abstract

          Triatomines are hematophagous insects of epidemiological importance as they are vectors of Chagas disease. The first report of Rhodnius stali Lent, Jurberg & Galvão, 1993 in Rondônia, Brazil, is described. The insects were captured on palm trees of the genus Oenocarpus sp. Two adult male specimens of R. stali were identified and were found to be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli. The confirmation of this Rhodnius species in Rondônia increases the number of triatomines from nine to ten species in this state.

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          Emerging Chagas disease in Amazonian Brazil.

          In the Amazon Basin, Trypanosoma cruzi infection is enzootic, involving a variety of wild mammals and at least 10 of the 16 reported silvatic triatomine bug species. Human cases of Chagas disease are increasing, indicating that the disease may be emerging as a wider public health problem in the region: 38 cases from 1969 to 1992, and 167 in the past eight years. This article reviews the status of Chagas disease in Amazonian Brazil, including known reservoirs and vectors, and the genetic diversity of T. cruzi. At least three subspecific groups of T. cruzi-T. cruzilZ1, T. cruziZ3 and T. cruziZ3/Z1 ASAT--are present. It appears that T. cruzil has an extant capacity for genetic exchange. Attention is also drawn to the risk of domestic endemicity, in addition to the tasks facing the disease control authorities.
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            Geographic Distribution of Chagas Disease Vectors in Brazil Based on Ecological Niche Modeling

            Although Brazil was declared free from Chagas disease transmission by the domestic vector Triatoma infestans, human acute cases are still being registered based on transmission by native triatomine species. For a better understanding of transmission risk, the geographic distribution of Brazilian triatomines was analyzed. Sixteen out of 62 Brazilian species that both occur in >20 municipalities and present synanthropic tendencies were modeled based on their ecological niches. Panstrongylus geniculatus and P. megistus showed broad ecological ranges, but most of the species sort out by the biome in which they are distributed: Rhodnius pictipes and R. robustus in the Amazon; R. neglectus, Triatoma sordida, and T. costalimai in the Cerrado; R. nasutus, P. lutzi, T. brasiliensis, T. pseudomaculata, T. melanocephala, and T. petrocchiae in the Caatinga; T. rubrovaria in the southern pampas; T. tibiamaculata and T. vitticeps in the Atlantic Forest. Although most occurrences were recorded in open areas (Cerrado and Caatinga), our results show that all environmental conditions in the country are favorable to one or more of the species analyzed, such that almost nowhere is Chagas transmission risk negligible.
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              Chagas disease in the Amazon region.

              The risk that Chagas disease becomes established as a major endemic threat in Amazonia (the world's largest tropical biome, today inhabited by over 30 million people) relates to a complex set of interacting biological and social determinants. These include intense immigration from endemic areas (possibly introducing parasites and vectors), extensive landscape transformation with uncontrolled deforestation, and the great diversity of wild Trypanosoma cruzi reservoir hosts and vectors (25 species in nine genera), which maintain intense sylvatic transmission cycles. Invasion of houses by adventitious vectors (with infection rates > 60%) is common, and focal adaptation of native triatomines to artificial structures has been reported. Both acute (approximately 500) and chronic cases of autochthonous human Chagas disease have been documented beyond doubt in the region. Continuous, low-intensity transmission seems to occur throughout the Amazon, and generates a hypoendemic pattern with seropositivity rates of approximately 1-3%. Discrete foci also exist in which transmission is more intense (e.g., in localized outbreaks probably linked to oral transmission) and prevalence rates higher. Early detection-treatment of acute cases is crucial for avoiding further dispersion of endemic transmission of Chagas disease in Amazonia, and will require the involvement of malaria control and primary health care systems. Comprehensive eco-epidemiological research, including prevalence surveys or the characterization of transmission dynamics in different ecological settings, is still needed. The International Initiative for Chagas Disease Surveillance and Prevention in the Amazon provides the framework for building up the political and scientific cooperation networks required to confront the challenge of preventing Chagas disease in Amazonia.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Heliyon
                Heliyon
                Heliyon
                Elsevier
                2405-8440
                23 November 2023
                December 2023
                23 November 2023
                : 9
                : 12
                : e22747
                Affiliations
                [a ]Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia, Guajará-Mirim, Rondônia, Brazil
                [b ]Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
                [c ]Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
                [d ]Public Health Entomology Laboratory, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                [e ]Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovação para Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
                [f ]Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                [g ]Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. Public Health Entomology Laboratory, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. jdr.oliveira@ 123456hotmail.com jader.oliveira@ 123456unesp.br
                Article
                S2405-8440(23)09955-3 e22747
                10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22747
                10730576
                38125462
                a4d75c75-f9bf-4f15-a486-d7079ed9c0df
                © 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 7 June 2023
                : 17 October 2023
                : 17 November 2023
                Categories
                Research Article

                entomological surveillance,kissing bugs,new records,western amazon

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