Novel Orthopoxvirus and Lethal Disease in Cat, Italy

Lanave, Gianvito; Dowgier, Giulia; Decaro, Nicola; Albanese, Francesco; Brogi, Elisa; Parisi, Antonio; Losurdo, Michele; Lavazza, Antonio; Martella, Vito; Buonavoglia, Canio; Elia, Gabriella

doi:10.3201/eid2409.171283

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Novel Orthopoxvirus and Lethal Disease in Cat, Italy

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Author(s): Gianvito Lanave , Giulia Dowgier , Nicola Decaro , Francesco Albanese , Elisa Brogi , Antonio Parisi , Michele Losurdo , Antonio Lavazza , Vito Martella , Canio Buonavoglia , Gabriella Elia

Publication date (Print): September 2018

Journal: Emerging Infectious Diseases

Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Keywords: cat, novel orthopoxvirus, orthopoxvirus, viruses, lethal disease, next-generation sequencing, phylogeny, zoonoses, bioterrorism and preparedness, Italy

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Abstract

We report detection and full-genome characterization of a novel orthopoxvirus (OPXV) responsible for a fatal infection in a cat. The virus induced skin lesions histologically characterized by leukocyte infiltration and eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions. Different PCR approaches were unable to assign the virus to a defined OPXV species. Large amounts of typical brick-shaped virions, morphologically related to OPXV, were observed by electron microscopy. This OPXV strain (Italy_09/17) was isolated on cell cultures and embryonated eggs. Phylogenetic analysis of 9 concatenated genes showed that this virus was distantly related to cowpox virus, more closely related to to ectromelia virus, and belonged to the same cluster of an OPXV recently isolated from captive macaques in Italy. Extensive epidemiologic surveillance in cats and rodents will assess whether cats are incidental hosts and rodents are the main reservoir of the virus. The zoonotic potential of this novel virus also deserves further investigation.

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Zoonotic poxviruses ^☆

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Poxviruses compromise a group of long known important pathogens including some zoonotic members affecting lifestock animals and humans. While whole genome sequence analysis started to shed light into the molecular mechanisms underlying host cell infection, viral replication as well as virulence, our understanding of poxvirus maintenance in nature and their transmission to humans is still poor. During the last two decades, reports on emerging human monkeypox outbreaks in Africa and North America, the increasing number of cowpox virus infections in cats, exotic animals and humans and cases of vaccinia virus infections in humans in South America and India reminded us that – beside the eradicated smallpox virus – there are other poxviruses that can cause harm to men. We start to learn that the host range of some poxviruses is way broader than initially thought and that mainly rodents seem to function as virus reservoir. The following review is aiming to provide an up-to-date overview on the epidemiology of zoonotic poxviruses, emphasizing orthopoxviruses. By outlining the current knowledge of poxvirus transmission, we hope to raise the awareness about modes of acquisition of infections and their proper diagnosis.

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A primer pair (p289/290) based on the RNA polymerase sequence of 25 prototype and currently circulating strains of human caliciviruses (HuCVs) was designed for the detection of both Norwalk-like caliciviruses (NLVs) and Sapporo-like caliciviruses (SLVs) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This primer pair produces RT-PCR products of 319 bp for NLVs and 331 bp for SLVs. The usefulness of this primer pair was shown by its detection of prototype NLVs (Norwalk, Snow Mountain, Hawaii and Mexico viruses) and SLVs (Sapporo/82, Hou/86, Hou/90 and Lon/92) and currently circulating strains of NLVs and SLVs in children and adults. This primer pair also detected more viruses in either NLV or SLV genera than previously designed primers. This primer pair is useful for broad detection of HuCVs for clinical and epidemiologic studies as well as for environmental monitoring.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis

Journal ID (publisher-id): EID

Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases

Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

ISSN (Print): 1080-6040

ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059

Publication date (Print): September 2018

Volume: 24

Issue: 9

Pages: 1665-1673

Affiliations

[1]University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy (G. Lanave, G. Dowgier, N. Decaro, M. Losurdo, V. Martella, C. Buonavoglia, G. Elia);

[2]La Vallonea Veterinary Laboratory, Milan, Italy (F. Albanese);

[3]Centro Veterinario Montarioso, Siena, Italy (E. Brogi);

[4]Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Putignano, Italy (A. Parisi);

[5]Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy (A. Lavazza)

Author notes

Address for correspondence: Nicola Decaro, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy; email: nicola.decaro@ 123456uniba.it .

Article

Publisher ID: 17-1283

DOI: 10.3201/eid2409.171283

PMC ID: 6106440

PubMed ID: 30124195

SO-VID: a504cf2e-4963-4f19-b696-d7faaad489c8

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