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      Role of exosomal small RNA in prostate cancer metastasis

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          Abstract

          Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. When the disease becomes metastatic, limited treatment strategies exist, and metastatic disease prognoses are difficult to predict. Recently, evidence has emerged, which indicates that small RNAs are detectable in patient fluids, and exosomal small RNA ectopic expression is correlated with the development, progression, and metastasis of human PCa; however, the role of small RNAs in PCa is only partially understood. In this review, we discuss the research status regarding circulating exosomal small RNAs and applications using these small RNAs in PCa particularly looking at metastatic disease. Exosomal small RNAs could be used as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis, micrometastasis detection, and prognosis of PCa.

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          The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. 1889.

          S. PAGET (1989)
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            Specificity of microRNA target selection in translational repression.

            John Doench, Phillip A Sharp (2004)
            MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs found in organisms as evolutionarily distant as plants and mammals, yet most of the mRNAs they regulate are unknown. Here we show that the ability of an miRNA to translationally repress a target mRNA is largely dictated by the free energy of binding of the first eight nucleotides in the 5' region of the miRNA. However, G:U wobble base-pairing in this region interferes with activity beyond that predicted on the basis of thermodynamic stability. Furthermore, an mRNA can be simultaneously repressed by more than one miRNA species. The level of repression achieved is dependent on both the amount of mRNA and the amount of available miRNA complexes. Thus, predicted miRNA:mRNA interactions must be viewed in the context of other potential interactions and cellular conditions.
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              Metastatic patterns of prostate cancer: an autopsy study of 1,589 patients.

              L Bubendorf, A Schöpfer, U. Wagner … (2000)
              The prognosis of prostate cancer is mainly determined by the presence or absence of metastases. Nevertheless, the metastatic pathways in prostate cancer are not entirely understood. Among 19,316 routine autopsies performed from 1967 to 1995 on men older than 40 years of age, the reports from those 1,589 (8.2%) with prostate cancer were analyzed. Hematogeneous metastases were present in 35% of 1,589 patients with prostate cancer, with most frequent involvement being bone (90%), lung (46%), liver (25%), pleura (21%), and adrenals (13%). Several lines of evidence suggested the existence of a backward metastatic pathway through veins from the prostate to the spine in addition to classical hematogeneous tumor spread via the vena cava. First, there was an inverse relationship between spine and lung metastases, suggesting that metastasis to the spine is independent of lung metastasis. Second, the maximum frequency of spine involvement occurred in smaller tumors (4 to 6 cm) as compared with the maximum spread to lung (6 to 8 cm) and liver (>8 cm), suggesting that spine metastases precede lung and liver metastases in many prostate cancers. Third, there was a gradual decrease in spine involvement from the lumbar to the cervical level (97% v 38%), which is consistent with a subsequent upward metastatic spread along spinal veins after initial lumbar metastasis. The results of this study show that bone, lung, and liver are the most frequent sites of distant prostate cancer metastases. Besides the cava-type of metastasis through lung passage, there are strong arguments for the existence and clinical significance of a backward venous spread to the spine, which is likely to occur early in the metastatic process.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cancer Manag Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cancer Manag Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Cancer Management and Research
                Title: Cancer Management and Research
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Electronic): 1179-1322
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 September 2018
                Volume: 10
                Pages: 4029-4038
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China, yanqiaozhang@ 123456126.com
                [2 ]Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
                [3 ]Department of Internal Medicine, Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
                [4 ]Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
                [5 ]Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
                [6 ]Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China, xyhuang@ 123456hrbmu.edu.cn
                [7 ]Center of Translational Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China, xyhuang@ 123456hrbmu.edu.cn
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Xiaoyi Huang, Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin 150081, China, Tel +86 451 8629 8745, Email xyhuang@ 123456hrbmu.edu.cn
                Yanqiao Zhang, Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin 150081, China, Tel +86 451 8629 8222, Email yanqiaozhang@ 123456126.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: cmar-10-4029
                DOI: 10.2147/CMAR.S170610
                PMC ID: 6167994
                SO-VID: a5a1d4e1-ea18-4cef-8b35-db30ac27d219
                Copyright © © 2018 Zhan et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited
                License:

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: prostate cancer,metastases,ncrna,exosome
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: prostate cancer, metastases, ncrna, exosome

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