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      Relationship between parenthood and cortical thickness in late adulthood

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          Abstract

          Pregnancy and the early postpartum period alter the structure of the brain; particularly in regions related to parental care. However, the enduring effects of this period on human brain structure and cognition in late life is unknown. Here we use magnetic resonance imaging to examine differences in cortical thickness related to parenthood in late life, for both sexes. In 235 healthy older women, we find a positive relationship between parity (number of children parented) and memory performance in mothers. Parity was also associated with differences in cortical thickness in women in the parahippocampus, precuneus, cuneus and pericalcarine sulcus. We also compared non-parents to parents of one child, in a sub-sample of older women ( N = 45) and men ( N = 35). For females, six regions differed in cortical thickness between parents and non-parents; these regions were consistent with those seen earlier in life in previous studies. For males, five regions differed in cortical thickness between parents and non-parents. We are first to reveal parenthood-related brain differences in late-life; our results are consistent with previously identified areas that are altered during pregnancy and the postpartum period. This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that neural changes associated with early stages of parenthood persist into older age, and for women, may be related to marginally better cognitive outcomes.

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          Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex.

          Negative emotional stimuli activate a broad network of brain regions, including the medial prefrontal (mPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortices. An early influential view dichotomized these regions into dorsal-caudal cognitive and ventral-rostral affective subdivisions. In this review, we examine a wealth of recent research on negative emotions in animals and humans, using the example of fear or anxiety, and conclude that, contrary to the traditional dichotomy, both subdivisions make key contributions to emotional processing. Specifically, dorsal-caudal regions of the ACC and mPFC are involved in appraisal and expression of negative emotion, whereas ventral-rostral portions of the ACC and mPFC have a regulatory role with respect to limbic regions involved in generating emotional responses. Moreover, this new framework is broadly consistent with emerging data on other negative and positive emotions. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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            Hopkins Verbal Learning Test ? Revised: Normative Data and Analysis of Inter-Form and Test-Retest Reliability

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              Trajectories of brain aging in middle-aged and older adults: regional and individual differences.

              The human brain changes with age. However, the rate and the trajectories of change vary among the brain regions and among individuals, and the reasons for these differences are unclear. In a sample of healthy middle-aged and older adults, we examined mean volume change and individual differences in the rate of change in 12 regional brain volumes over approximately 30 months. In addition to the baseline assessment, there were two follow-ups, 15 months apart. We observed significant average shrinkage of the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, orbital-frontal cortex, and cerebellum in each of the intervals. Shrinkage of the hippocampus accelerated with time, whereas shrinkage of the caudate nucleus, prefrontal subcortical white matter, and corpus callosum emerged only at the second follow-up. Throughout both assessment intervals, the mean volumes of the lateral prefrontal and primary visual cortices, putamen, and pons did not change. Significant individual differences in shrinkage rates were observed in the lateral prefrontal cortex, the cerebellum, and all the white matter regions throughout the study, whereas additional regions (medial-temporal structures, the insula, and the basal ganglia) showed significant individual variation in change during the second follow-up. No individual variability was noted in the change of orbital frontal and visual cortices. In two white matter regions, we were able to identify factors associated with individual differences in brain shrinkage. In corpus callosum, shrinkage rate was greater in persons with hypertension, and in the pons, women and carriers of the ApoEepsilon4 allele exhibited declines not noted in the whole sample. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Methodology
                Role: Data curation
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                28 July 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 7
                : e0236031
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
                [2 ] Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
                [3 ] Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Australia
                [4 ] Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
                [5 ] Department of Neuroscience (Medicine), Monash University, Alfred Hospital Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
                Nathan S Kline Institute, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4845-8961
                Article
                PONE-D-20-01948
                10.1371/journal.pone.0236031
                7386609
                32722686
                a5b84718-2c99-4567-95c2-7b8f1e1ff7bd
                © 2020 Orchard et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 21 January 2020
                : 26 June 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Funded by: Australian Research Council
                Award ID: CE1401000007
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Australian Research Council
                Award ID: DE150100406
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: National Health and Medical Research Council
                Award ID: APP1174164
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grant (APP1086188). ASPREE was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant number U01AG029824); the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (grant numbers 334047, 1127060); Monash University (Australia) and the Victorian Cancer Agency (Australia). ERO, PGDW, GFE and SDJ are supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function (CE140100007). SJ is supported by an ARC Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DE150100406). The Principal ASPREE study is registered with the International Standardized Randomized Controlled Trials Register, ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly, Number: ISRCTN83772183 and clinicaltrials.gov number NCT01038583. ASPREE-Neuro trial is registered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12613001313729.
                Categories
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                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Nervous System
                Central Nervous System
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Nervous System
                Central Nervous System
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Women's Health
                Maternal Health
                Pregnancy
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Women's Health
                Obstetrics and Gynecology
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                People and Places
                Population Groupings
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                Medicine and Health Sciences
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                Diagnostic Radiology
                Magnetic Resonance Imaging
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
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                Neuroscience
                Learning and Memory
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                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Mothers
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
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                Prefrontal Cortex
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Brain
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                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
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                Custom metadata
                The data is owned by a third party ( aspree.org), who made it available to us through an application and approval process. Researchers who wish to obtain this data can apply for access in the same way that we did for the present study. Applicants can obtain information by contacting aspree.ams@ 123456monash.edu . The data in this study were acquired by the ASPREE Investigator Group to study the effects of aspirin in the elderly. The data from the ASPREE-Neuro sub-study of the main clinical trial were used here under license from the ASPREE Investigator Group and the authors do not have rights or permission to share the data. The ASPREE Investigator Group data sharing procedure includes completing a project description and data request form, which is reviewed by the international ASPREE Data Sharing & Management Board. Following project approval, data is then shared with the researcher via a secure system under licence. Requests for data access can be sent to the ASPREE Data Management Committee, Level 5, Alfred centre, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004, Australia; email: aspree@ 123456monash.edu .

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