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      Canadian Airway Focus Group updated consensus-based recommendations for management of the difficult airway: part 1. Difficult airway management encountered in an unconscious patient Translated title: Mise à jour des lignes directrices consensuelles pour la prise en charge des voies aériennes difficiles du Canadian Airway Focus Group: 1 ère partie. Prise en charge de voies aériennes difficiles chez un patient inconscient

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Since the last Canadian Airway Focus Group (CAFG) guidelines were published in 2013, the literature on airway management has expanded substantially. The CAFG therefore re-convened to examine this literature and update practice recommendations. This first of two articles addresses difficulty encountered with airway management in an unconscious patient.

          Source

          Canadian Airway Focus Group members, including anesthesia, emergency medicine, and critical care physicians, were assigned topics to search. Searches were run in the Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINAHL databases. Results were presented to the group and discussed during video conferences every two weeks from April 2018 to July 2020. These CAFG recommendations are based on the best available published evidence. Where high-quality evidence was lacking, statements are based on group consensus.

          Findings and key recommendations

          Most studies comparing video laryngoscopy (VL) with direct laryngoscopy indicate a higher first attempt and overall success rate with VL, and lower complication rates. Thus, resources allowing, the CAFG now recommends use of VL with appropriately selected blade type to facilitate all tracheal intubations. If a first attempt at tracheal intubation or supraglottic airway (SGA) placement is unsuccessful, further attempts can be made as long as patient ventilation and oxygenation is maintained. Nevertheless, total attempts should be limited (to three or fewer) before declaring failure and pausing to consider “exit strategy” options. For failed intubation, exit strategy options in the still-oxygenated patient include awakening (if feasible), temporizing with an SGA, a single further attempt at tracheal intubation using a different technique, or front-of-neck airway access (FONA). Failure of tracheal intubation, face-mask ventilation, and SGA ventilation together with current or imminent hypoxemia defines a “cannot ventilate, cannot oxygenate” emergency. Neuromuscular blockade should be confirmed or established, and a single final attempt at face-mask ventilation, SGA placement, or tracheal intubation with hyper-angulated blade VL can be made, if it had not already been attempted. If ventilation remains impossible, emergency FONA should occur without delay using a scalpel-bougie-tube technique (in the adult patient). The CAFG recommends all institutions designate an individual as “airway lead” to help institute difficult airway protocols, ensure adequate training and equipment, and help with airway-related quality reviews.

          Résumé

          Objectif

          Depuis la dernière publication des lignes directrices du Canadian Airway Focus Group (CAFG) en 2013, la littérature sur la prise en charge des voies aériennes s’est considérablement étoffée. Le CAFG s’est donc réuni à nouveau pour examiner la littérature et mettre à jour ses recommandations de pratique. Ce premier article de deux traite de la prise en charge des voies aériennes difficiles chez un patient inconscient.

          Sources

          Des sujets de recherche ont été assignés aux membres du Canadian Airway Focus Group, qui compte des médecins anesthésistes, urgentologues et intensivistes. Les recherches ont été menées dans les bases de données Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials et CINAHL. Les résultats ont été présentés au groupe et discutés lors de vidéoconférences toutes les deux semaines entre avril 2018 et juillet 2020. Les recommandations du CAFG sont fondées sur les meilleures données probantes publiées. Si les données probantes de haute qualité manquaient, les énoncés se fondent alors sur le consensus du groupe.

          Constatations et recommandations clés

          La plupart des études comparant la vidéolaryngoscopie à la laryngoscopie directe indiquent un taux de réussite plus élevé à la première tentative et globalement avec la vidéolaryngoscopie, ainsi que des taux de complication inférieurs. Ainsi, les ressources le permettant, le CAFG recommande dorénavant l’utilisation de vidéolaryngoscopes avec le type de lame convenablement sélectionné pour faciliter toutes les intubations trachéales. En cas d’échec de la première tentative d’intubation trachéale ou d’échec de positionnement du dispositif supraglottique (DSG), d’autres tentatives peuvent être entreprises tant que la ventilation et l’oxygénation du patient le permettent. Néanmoins, le nombre total de tentatives devrait être limité, à trois ou moins, avant de déclarer un échec et de considérer les options de « stratégie de retrait ». En cas d’échec de l’intubation, les options de stratégie de retrait chez un patient toujours oxygéné comprennent l’éveil (si possible), la temporisation avec un DSG, une dernière tentative d’intubation trachéale à l’aide d’une technique différente, ou une cricothyroïdotomie. L’échec de l’intubation trachéale, de la ventilation au masque facial et de la ventilation via un DSG accompagné d’une hypoxémie présente ou imminente, définit une urgence « impossible de ventiler, impossible d’oxygéner ». Le bloc neuromusculaire doit alors être confirmé ou mis en place, et une tentative finale de ventilation au masque, de positionnement du DSG ou d’intubation trachéale avec une lame de vidéolaryngoscopie hyper-angulée peut être réalisée, si cette approche n’a pas encore été essayée. Si la ventilation demeure impossible, une cricothyroïdotomie d’urgence devrait être réalisée sans délai utilisant une technique de scalpel-bougie-tube (chez le patient adulte). Le CAFG recommande à toutes les institutions de désigner une personne comme « leader des voies aériennes » afin d’assister à la mise en place de protocoles pour les voies aériennes difficiles, d’assurer une formation et un équipement adéquats et d’aider aux examens de la qualité en rapport avec les voies aériennes.

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          Most cited references304

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          Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: a BEME systematic review.

          1969 to 2003, 34 years. Simulations are now in widespread use in medical education and medical personnel evaluation. Outcomes research on the use and effectiveness of simulation technology in medical education is scattered, inconsistent and varies widely in methodological rigor and substantive focus. Review and synthesize existing evidence in educational science that addresses the question, 'What are the features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to most effective learning?'. The search covered five literature databases (ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Timelit) and employed 91 single search terms and concepts and their Boolean combinations. Hand searching, Internet searches and attention to the 'grey literature' were also used. The aim was to perform the most thorough literature search possible of peer-reviewed publications and reports in the unpublished literature that have been judged for academic quality. Four screening criteria were used to reduce the initial pool of 670 journal articles to a focused set of 109 studies: (a) elimination of review articles in favor of empirical studies; (b) use of a simulator as an educational assessment or intervention with learner outcomes measured quantitatively; (c) comparative research, either experimental or quasi-experimental; and (d) research that involves simulation as an educational intervention. Data were extracted systematically from the 109 eligible journal articles by independent coders. Each coder used a standardized data extraction protocol. Qualitative data synthesis and tabular presentation of research methods and outcomes were used. Heterogeneity of research designs, educational interventions, outcome measures and timeframe precluded data synthesis using meta-analysis. Coding accuracy for features of the journal articles is high. The extant quality of the published research is generally weak. The weight of the best available evidence suggests that high-fidelity medical simulations facilitate learning under the right conditions. These include the following: providing feedback--51 (47%) journal articles reported that educational feedback is the most important feature of simulation-based medical education; repetitive practice--43 (39%) journal articles identified repetitive practice as a key feature involving the use of high-fidelity simulations in medical education; curriculum integration--27 (25%) journal articles cited integration of simulation-based exercises into the standard medical school or postgraduate educational curriculum as an essential feature of their effective use; range of difficulty level--15 (14%) journal articles address the importance of the range of task difficulty level as an important variable in simulation-based medical education; multiple learning strategies--11 (10%) journal articles identified the adaptability of high-fidelity simulations to multiple learning strategies as an important factor in their educational effectiveness; capture clinical variation--11 (10%) journal articles cited simulators that capture a wide variety of clinical conditions as more useful than those with a narrow range; controlled environment--10 (9%) journal articles emphasized the importance of using high-fidelity simulations in a controlled environment where learners can make, detect and correct errors without adverse consequences; individualized learning--10 (9%) journal articles highlighted the importance of having reproducible, standardized educational experiences where learners are active participants, not passive bystanders; defined outcomes--seven (6%) journal articles cited the importance of having clearly stated goals with tangible outcome measures that will more likely lead to learners mastering skills; simulator validity--four (3%) journal articles provided evidence for the direct correlation of simulation validity with effective learning. While research in this field needs improvement in terms of rigor and quality, high-fidelity medical simulations are educationally effective and simulation-based education complements medical education in patient care settings.
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            Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults†

            These guidelines provide a strategy to manage unanticipated difficulty with tracheal intubation. They are founded on published evidence. Where evidence is lacking, they have been directed by feedback from members of the Difficult Airway Society and based on expert opinion. These guidelines have been informed by advances in the understanding of crisis management; they emphasize the recognition and declaration of difficulty during airway management. A simplified, single algorithm now covers unanticipated difficulties in both routine intubation and rapid sequence induction. Planning for failed intubation should form part of the pre-induction briefing, particularly for urgent surgery. Emphasis is placed on assessment, preparation, positioning, preoxygenation, maintenance of oxygenation, and minimizing trauma from airway interventions. It is recommended that the number of airway interventions are limited, and blind techniques using a bougie or through supraglottic airway devices have been superseded by video- or fibre-optically guided intubation. If tracheal intubation fails, supraglottic airway devices are recommended to provide a route for oxygenation while reviewing how to proceed. Second-generation devices have advantages and are recommended. When both tracheal intubation and supraglottic airway device insertion have failed, waking the patient is the default option. If at this stage, face-mask oxygenation is impossible in the presence of muscle relaxation, cricothyroidotomy should follow immediately. Scalpel cricothyroidotomy is recommended as the preferred rescue technique and should be practised by all anaesthetists. The plans outlined are designed to be simple and easy to follow. They should be regularly rehearsed and made familiar to the whole theatre team.
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              Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                jlaw@dal.ca
                Journal
                Can J Anaesth
                Can J Anaesth
                Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                0832-610X
                1496-8975
                18 June 2021
                18 June 2021
                : 1-32
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.55602.34, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8200, Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre, , Dalhousie University, Halifax Infirmary Site, ; 1796 Summer Street, Room 5452, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7 Canada
                [2 ]GRID grid.28046.38, ISNI 0000 0001 2182 2255, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, , The Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, University of Ottawa, ; Room B307, 1053 Carling Avenue, Mail Stop 249, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9 Canada
                [3 ]GRID grid.23856.3a, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8390, Département d’anesthésiologie et de soins intensifs, , Université Laval, ; 2325 rue de l’Université, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
                [4 ]GRID grid.411081.d, ISNI 0000 0000 9471 1794, Département d’anesthésie du CHU de Québec, , Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, ; 1401 18e rue, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4 Canada
                [5 ]GRID grid.9654.e, ISNI 0000 0004 0372 3343, Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, , University of Auckland, ; Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
                [6 ]GRID grid.28046.38, ISNI 0000 0001 2182 2255, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, , University of Ottawa, ; Suite CCW1401, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6 Canada
                [7 ]GRID grid.1055.1, ISNI 0000000403978434, Department of Anaesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, ; Melbourne, Australia
                [8 ]GRID grid.55602.34, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8200, Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre, , Dalhousie University, ; 1796 Summer Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7 Canada
                [9 ]GRID grid.39381.30, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8884, Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, , University of Western Ontario, LHSC- University Hospital, ; 339 Windermere Rd., London, ON N6A 5A5 Canada
                [10 ]GRID grid.55602.34, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8200, Department of Emergency Medicine, QEII Health Sciences Centre, , Dalhousie University, ; 1796 Summer Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7 Canada
                [11 ]GRID grid.417661.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2190 0479, Département d’anesthésiologie, , CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, ; 11, Côte du Palais, Québec, QC G1R 2J6 Canada
                [12 ]GRID grid.39381.30, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8884, Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, , University of Western Ontario, LHSC- University Hospital, ; 339 Windermere Road, London, ON N6A 5A5 Canada
                [13 ]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, , University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, ; Toronto, ON Canada
                [14 ]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, , University of Toronto, ; EN 442 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada
                [15 ]GRID grid.413264.6, ISNI 0000 0000 9878 6515, Department of Anesthesia, , BC Women’s Hospital, ; 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada
                [16 ]GRID grid.25055.37, ISNI 0000 0000 9130 6822, Discipline of Anesthesia, St. Clare’s Mercy Hospital, , Memorial University of Newfoundland, ; 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John’s, NL A1B V6 Canada
                [17 ]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, Department of Anesthesia, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, , University of Toronto, ; 399, Bathurst St, Toronto, ON M5T2S8 Canada
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3916-3918
                Article
                2007
                10.1007/s12630-021-02007-0
                8212585
                34143394
                a5bee509-e2d3-4539-ad54-15cd0370608c
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

                History
                : 19 October 2020
                : 11 March 2021
                : 14 March 2021
                Categories
                Special Article

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                guidelines,airway management,difficult,failed,intubation,tracheal
                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                guidelines, airway management, difficult, failed, intubation, tracheal

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