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      Epigenética: definición, bases moleculares e implicaciones en la salud y en la evolución humana Translated title: Epigenética: definição, bases moleculares e implicações na saúde e na evolução humana Translated title: Epigenetics: definition, molecular bases and implications in human health and evolution

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          Abstract

          La Epigenética se refiere a los cambios heredables en el ADN e histonas que no implican altera ciones en la secuencia de nucleótidos y modifican la estructura y condensación de la cromatina por lo que afectan la expresión génica y el fenotipo. Las modificaciones epigenéticas son metilación del ADN y modificaciones de histonas. Objetivo: hacer una revisión de la literatura sobre e concepto de epigenética y su impacto en la salud. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión de la bibliografía sobre el concepto de epigenética, sus bases biológicas, el impacto sobre la salud y la enfermedad y su relación con la evolución. Resultados: los mecanismos epigenéticos ha cobrado cada vez más importancia debido a la creciente asociación con enfermedades compleja y comunes, así como por su impacto en la salud de generaciones futuras y en la evolución humana. Conclusiones: la Epigenética tiene un claro impacto en la salud del individuo, en la de su descendencia y en la evolución de la especie humana.

          Translated abstract

          A Epigenética refere-se às mudanças hereditárias no ADN e histonas que não implicam alterações nas sequencia de nucleotídeos e modificam a estrutura e condensação da cromatina, pelo que afetam a expressão gênica e o fenótipo. As modificações epigenéticas são metilação do ADN e modificações de histonas. Objetivo: fazer uma revisão da literatura sobre o conceito de epigenética e seu impacto na saúde. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se uma revisão da bibliografia sobre o conceito de epigenética, suas bases biológicas, o impacto sobre a saúde e a doença e sua relação com a evolução. Resultados: os mecanismos epigenéticos têm adquirido cada vez mais importância devido à crescente associação com doenças complexas e comunes, assim como por seu impacto na saúde de gerações futuras e na evolução humana. Conclusões: a Epigenética tem um impacto evidente na saúde do individuo, na sua descendência e na evolução da espécie humana.

          Translated abstract

          Epigenetics refers to inheritable changes in DNA and histones that do not involve changes in the sequence of nucleotides and that modifies structure and chromatin condensation, thus affecting gene expression and phenotype. Epigenetic modifications are DNA methylation and histone modifications. Objective: A review of the literature on the concept of Epigenetics and its impact on health. Materials and methods: A review of the literature was performed on the concept of epigenetics, its biological basis, the impact on health and disease and its relation to evolution. Results: Epigenetic mechanisms have become increasingly important because of the growing association with common complex diseases as well as its impact on health of future generations and in human evolution. Conclusions: Epigenetics has a clear impact on the health of individuals in their offspring and with the evolution of the human species.

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          Most cited references42

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          Chromatin modifications and their function.

          The surface of nucleosomes is studded with a multiplicity of modifications. At least eight different classes have been characterized to date and many different sites have been identified for each class. Operationally, modifications function either by disrupting chromatin contacts or by affecting the recruitment of nonhistone proteins to chromatin. Their presence on histones can dictate the higher-order chromatin structure in which DNA is packaged and can orchestrate the ordered recruitment of enzyme complexes to manipulate DNA. In this way, histone modifications have the potential to influence many fundamental biological processes, some of which may be epigenetically inherited.
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            DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory.

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              Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans.

              Extensive epidemiologic studies have suggested that adult disease risk is associated with adverse environmental conditions early in development. Although the mechanisms behind these relationships are unclear, an involvement of epigenetic dysregulation has been hypothesized. Here we show that individuals who were prenatally exposed to famine during the Dutch Hunger Winter in 1944-45 had, 6 decades later, less DNA methylation of the imprinted IGF2 gene compared with their unexposed, same-sex siblings. The association was specific for periconceptional exposure, reinforcing that very early mammalian development is a crucial period for establishing and maintaining epigenetic marks. These data are the first to contribute empirical support for the hypothesis that early-life environmental conditions can cause epigenetic changes in humans that persist throughout life.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                recis
                Revista Ciencias de la Salud
                Rev. Cienc. Salud
                Editorial Universidad del Rosario (Bogotá, D:C:, Colombia )
                1692-7273
                2145-4507
                April 2012
                : 10
                : 1
                : 59-71
                Affiliations
                [02] Bogotá orgnamePontificia Universidad Javeriana orgdiv1Instituto de Genética Humana
                [01] Bogotá orgnameUniversidad El Bosque orgdiv1Instituto de Nutrición, Genética y Metabolismo
                Article
                S1692-72732012000100006 S1692-7273(12)01000106
                a6ef3768-f30e-4c7c-9126-e35ea0858885

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 February 2012
                : 15 July 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 43, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                Artículos de Revisión

                procesos epigenéticos,metilación del ADN,histonas,evolución biológica,processos epigenéticos,metilação do ADN,evolução biológica,epigenetic processes,DNA methylation,histone,biological evolution

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