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      RNA Interference Past and Future Applications in Plants

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      Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
      Publisher: MDPI AG

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          Abstract

          Antisense RNA was observed to elicit plant disease resistance and post-translational gene silencing (PTGS). The universal mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) was shown to be induced by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), an intermediate produced during virus replication. Plant viruses with a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome have been instrumental in the discovery and characterization of systemic RNA silencing and suppression. An increasing number of applications for RNA silencing have emerged involving the exogenous application of dsRNA through spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) that provides specificity and environmentally friendly options for crop protection and improvement.

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          Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans.

          A Fire, S Xu, M. Montgomery … (1998)
          Experimental introduction of RNA into cells can be used in certain biological systems to interfere with the function of an endogenous gene. Such effects have been proposed to result from a simple antisense mechanism that depends on hybridization between the injected RNA and endogenous messenger RNA transcripts. RNA interference has been used in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to manipulate gene expression. Here we investigate the requirements for structure and delivery of the interfering RNA. To our surprise, we found that double-stranded RNA was substantially more effective at producing interference than was either strand individually. After injection into adult animals, purified single strands had at most a modest effect, whereas double-stranded mixtures caused potent and specific interference. The effects of this interference were evident in both the injected animals and their progeny. Only a few molecules of injected double-stranded RNA were required per affected cell, arguing against stochiometric interference with endogenous mRNA and suggesting that there could be a catalytic or amplification component in the interference process.
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            Control of coleopteran insect pests through RNA interference.

            James Baum, Thierry Bogaert, William Jefferson Clinton … (2007)
            Commercial biotechnology solutions for controlling lepidopteran and coleopteran insect pests on crops depend on the expression of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins, most of which permeabilize the membranes of gut epithelial cells of susceptible insects. However, insect control strategies involving a different mode of action would be valuable for managing the emergence of insect resistance. Toward this end, we demonstrate that ingestion of double-stranded (ds)RNAs supplied in an artificial diet triggers RNA interference in several coleopteran species, most notably the western corn rootworm (WCR) Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. This may result in larval stunting and mortality. Transgenic corn plants engineered to express WCR dsRNAs show a significant reduction in WCR feeding damage in a growth chamber assay, suggesting that the RNAi pathway can be exploited to control insect pests via in planta expression of a dsRNA.
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              Fungal small RNAs suppress plant immunity by hijacking host RNA interference pathways.

              Arne Weiberg, Ming Wang, Feng-Mao Lin … (2013)
              Botrytis cinerea, the causative agent of gray mold disease, is an aggressive fungal pathogen that infects more than 200 plant species. Here, we show that some B. cinerea small RNAs (Bc-sRNAs) can silence Arabidopsis and tomato genes involved in immunity. These Bc-sRNAs hijack the host RNA interference (RNAi) machinery by binding to Arabidopsis Argonaute 1 (AGO1) and selectively silencing host immunity genes. The Arabidopsis ago1 mutant exhibits reduced susceptibility to B. cinerea, and the B. cinerea dcl1 dcl2 double mutant that can no longer produce these Bc-sRNAs displays reduced pathogenicity on Arabidopsis and tomato. Thus, this fungal pathogen transfers "virulent" sRNA effectors into host plant cells to suppress host immunity and achieve infection, which demonstrates a naturally occurring cross-kingdom RNAi as an advanced virulence mechanism.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lawrence Kawchuk: (View ORCID Profile)
                Melanie Kalischuk: (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJMCFK
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Abbreviated Title: IJMS
                Publisher: MDPI AG
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date Created: June 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): June 05 2023
                Volume: 24
                Issue: 11
                Page: 9755
                Article
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119755
                SO-VID: a724ad09-7fb3-43c5-92e9-4e0400488ff0
                Copyright © © 2023
                License:

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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