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      Reducing Antibiotic Prescriptions for Urinary Tract Infection in Nursing Homes Using a Complex Tailored Intervention Targeting Nursing Home Staff: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

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          Abstract

          Background

          Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common reason for antibiotic prescription in nursing homes. Overprescription causes antibiotic-related harms in those who are treated and others residing within the nursing home. The diagnostic process in nursing homes is complicated with both challenging issues related to the elderly population and the nursing home setting. A physician rarely visits a nursing home for suspected UTI. Consequently, the knowledge of UTI and communication skills of staff influence the diagnosis.

          Objective

          The objective of this study is to describe a cluster randomized controlled trial with a tailored complex intervention for improving the knowledge of UTI and communication skills of nursing home staff in order to decrease the number of antibiotic prescriptions for UTI in nursing home residents, without changing hospitalization and mortality.

          Methods

          The study describes an open-label cluster randomized controlled trial with two parallel groups and a 1:1 allocation ratio. Twenty-two eligible nursing homes are sampled from the Capital Region of Denmark, corresponding to 1274 nursing home residents. The intervention group receives a dialogue tool, and all nursing home staff attend a workshop on UTI. The main outcomes of the study are the antibiotic prescription rate for UTI, all-cause hospitalization, all-cause mortality, and suspected UTI during the trial period.

          Results

          The trial ended in April 2019. Data have been collected and are being analyzed. We expect the results of the trial to be published in a peer-reviewed journal in the fall of 2020.

          Conclusions

          The greatest strengths of this study are the randomized design, tailored development of the intervention, and access to medical records. The potential limitations are the hierarchy in the prescription process, Hawthorne effect, and biased access to data on signs and symptoms through a UTI diary. The results of this trial could offer a strategy to overcome some of the challenges of increased antibiotic resistance and could have implications in terms of how to handle cases of suspected UTI.

          Trial Registration

          ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03715062; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03715062

          International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

          DERR1-10.2196/17710

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          Most cited references27

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          Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial resistance in individual patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.

          Ceire Costelloe, Chris Metcalfe, Andrew Lovering … (2010)
          To systematically review the literature and, where appropriate, meta-analyse studies investigating subsequent antibiotic resistance in individuals prescribed antibiotics in primary care. Systematic review with meta-analysis. Observational and experimental studies identified through Medline, Embase, and Cochrane searches. Review methods Electronic searches using MeSH terms and text words identified 4373 papers. Two independent reviewers assessed quality of eligible studies and extracted data. Meta-analyses were conducted for studies presenting similar outcomes. The review included 24 studies; 22 involved patients with symptomatic infection and two involved healthy volunteers; 19 were observational studies (of which two were prospective) and five were randomised trials. In five studies of urinary tract bacteria (14 348 participants), the pooled odds ratio (OR) for resistance was 2.5 (95% confidence interval 2.1 to 2.9) within 2 months of antibiotic treatment and 1.33 (1.2 to 1.5) within 12 months. In seven studies of respiratory tract bacteria (2605 participants), pooled ORs were 2.4 (1.4 to 3.9) and 2.4 (1.3 to 4.5) for the same periods, respectively. Studies reporting the quantity of antibiotic prescribed found that longer duration and multiple courses were associated with higher rates of resistance. Studies comparing the potential for different antibiotics to induce resistance showed no consistent effects. Only one prospective study reported changes in resistance over a long period; pooled ORs fell from 12.2 (6.8 to 22.1) at 1 week to 6.1 (2.8 to 13.4) at 1 month, 3.6 (2.2 to 6.0) at 2 months, and 2.2 (1.3 to 3.6) at 6 months. Individuals prescribed an antibiotic in primary care for a respiratory or urinary infection develop bacterial resistance to that antibiotic. The effect is greatest in the month immediately after treatment but may persist for up to 12 months. This effect not only increases the population carriage of organisms resistant to first line antibiotics, but also creates the conditions for increased use of second line antibiotics in the community.
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            Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria: 2019 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of Americaa

            Lindsay Nicolle, Kalpana Gupta, Suzanne F Bradley … (2019)
            Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is a common finding in many populations, including healthy women and persons with underlying urologic abnormalities. The 2005 guideline from the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommended that ASB should be screened for and treated only in pregnant women or in an individual prior to undergoing invasive urologic procedures. Treatment was not recommended for healthy women; older women or men; or persons with diabetes, indwelling catheters, or spinal cord injury. The guideline did not address children and some adult populations, including patients with neutropenia, solid organ transplants, and nonurologic surgery. In the years since the publication of the guideline, further information relevant to ASB has become available. In addition, antimicrobial treatment of ASB has been recognized as an important contributor to inappropriate antimicrobial use, which promotes emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The current guideline updates the recommendations of the 2005 guideline, includes new recommendations for populations not previously addressed, and, where relevant, addresses the interpretation of nonlocalizing clinical symptoms in populations with a high prevalence of ASB.
            Article 0 comments Cited 115 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Effect of a multifaceted intervention on number of antimicrobial prescriptions for suspected urinary tract infections in residents of nursing homes: cluster randomised controlled trial.

              Andrew Simor, Stephanie Marfy-Smith, Dick Zoutman … (2005)
              To assess whether a multifaceted intervention can reduce the number of prescriptions for antimicrobials for suspected urinary tract infections in residents of nursing homes. Cluster randomised controlled trial. 24 nursing homes in Ontario, Canada, and Idaho, United States. 12 nursing homes allocated to a multifaceted intervention and 12 allocated to usual care. Outcomes were measured in 4217 residents. Diagnostic and treatment algorithm for urinary tract infections implemented at the nursing home level using a multifaceted approach--small group interactive sessions for nurses, videotapes, written material, outreach visits, and one on one interviews with physicians. Number of antimicrobials prescribed for suspected urinary tract infections, total use of antimicrobials, admissions to hospital, and deaths. Fewer courses of antimicrobials for suspected urinary tract infections per 1000 resident days were prescribed in the intervention nursing homes than in the usual care homes (1.17 v 1.59 courses; weighted mean difference -0.49, 95% confidence intervals -0.93 to -0.06). Antimicrobials for suspected urinary tract infection represented 28.4% of all courses of drugs prescribed in the intervention nursing homes compared with 38.6% prescribed in the usual care homes (weighted mean difference -9.6%, -16.9% to -2.4%). The difference in total antimicrobial use per 1000 resident days between intervention and usual care groups was not significantly different (3.52 v 3.93; weighted mean difference -0.37, -1.17 to 0.44). No significant difference was found in admissions to hospital or mortality between the study arms. A multifaceted intervention using algorithms can reduce the number of antimicrobial prescriptions for suspected urinary tract infections in residents of nursing homes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sif Helene Arnold:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4805-4684
                The Section of General Practice and Research Unit for General PracticeDepartment of Public HealthUniversity of CopenhagenØster Farimagsgade 5Copenhagen, 1014Denmark45 3160373445 35327946siar@sund.ku.dk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): JMIR Res Protoc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): JMIR Res Protoc
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ResProt
                Title: JMIR Research Protocols
                Publisher: JMIR Publications (Toronto, Canada )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1929-0748
                Publication date Collection: May 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 May 2020
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e17710
                Affiliations
                [1 ] The Section of General Practice and Research Unit for General Practice Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
                [2 ] Department of Clinical Microbiology Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Herlev Denmark
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Sif Helene Arnold siar@ 123456sund.ku.dk
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4805-4684
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5061-9766
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8501-9453
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1941-2681
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0969-0063
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3819-3429
                Article
                Publisher ID: v9i5e17710
                DOI: 10.2196/17710
                PMC ID: 7244999
                PubMed ID: 32383679
                SO-VID: a7b94bc0-b0da-47c1-a4a1-1aba0f41127e
                Copyright © ©Sif Helene Arnold, Jette Nygaard Jensen, Marius Brostrøm Kousgaard, Volkert Siersma, Lars Bjerrum, Anne Holm. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (http://www.researchprotocols.org), 08.05.2020.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.researchprotocols.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

                History
                Date received : 6 January 2020
                Date revision requested : 13 February 2020
                Date revision received : 27 February 2020
                Date accepted : 28 February 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Protocol
                Subject: Protocol

                Keywords: urinary tract infection,nursing home,antibiotics,antibiotic resistance,drug prescription,communication,communication barriers,interprofessional relationship,elderly
                Data availability:
                Keywords: urinary tract infection, nursing home, antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, drug prescription, communication, communication barriers, interprofessional relationship, elderly

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