Highly pathogenic avian influenza (A/H5N1) virus outbreaks in Lesotho, May 2021

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ABSTRACT

In May 2021, Lesotho reported its first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) to the OIE. Samples were collected from infected poultry and the virus was confirmed by molecular tests to be of the H5N1 subtype. Full genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b and showed high identity with A/H5N1 viruses identified in Nigeria and Senegal in early 2021. The identification of A/H5N1 HPAI in Lesotho has important implications for disease management and food security in the region.

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Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets.

M Linster, Thomas A Smith, Martin Linster … (2012)

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus can cause morbidity and mortality in humans but thus far has not acquired the ability to be transmitted by aerosol or respiratory droplet ("airborne transmission") between humans. To address the concern that the virus could acquire this ability under natural conditions, we genetically modified A/H5N1 virus by site-directed mutagenesis and subsequent serial passage in ferrets. The genetically modified A/H5N1 virus acquired mutations during passage in ferrets, ultimately becoming airborne transmissible in ferrets. None of the recipient ferrets died after airborne infection with the mutant A/H5N1 viruses. Four amino acid substitutions in the host receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin, and one in the polymerase complex protein basic polymerase 2, were consistently present in airborne-transmitted viruses. The transmissible viruses were sensitive to the antiviral drug oseltamivir and reacted well with antisera raised against H5 influenza vaccine strains. Thus, avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses can acquire the capacity for airborne transmission between mammals without recombination in an intermediate host and therefore constitute a risk for human pandemic influenza.

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Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4

Dong-Hun Lee, Kateri Bertran, Jung-Hoon Kwon … (2017)

Novel subtypes of Asian-origin (Goose/Guangdong lineage) H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4, such as H5N2, H5N5, H5N6, and H5N8, have been identified in China since 2008 and have since evolved into four genetically distinct clade 2.3.4.4 groups (A–D). Since 2014, HPAI clade 2.3.4.4 viruses have spread rapidly via migratory wild aquatic birds and have evolved through reassortment with prevailing local low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Group A H5N8 viruses and its reassortant viruses caused outbreaks in wide geographic regions (Asia, Europe, and North America) during 2014–2015. Novel reassortant Group B H5N8 viruses caused outbreaks in Asia, Europe, and Africa during 2016–2017. Novel reassortant Group C H5N6 viruses caused outbreaks in Korea and Japan during the 2016–2017 winter season. Group D H5N6 viruses caused outbreaks in China and Vietnam. A wide range of avian species, including wild and domestic waterfowl, domestic poultry, and even zoo birds, seem to be permissive for infection by and/or transmission of clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses. Further, compared to previous H5N1 HPAI viruses, these reassortant viruses show altered pathogenicity in birds. In this review, we discuss the evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of H5 clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses.

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Single-reaction genomic amplification accelerates sequencing and vaccine production for classical and Swine origin human influenza a viruses.

D Scholes, David Wentworth, Yoshihiro Kawaoka … (2009)

Pandemic influenza A viruses that emerge from animal reservoirs are inevitable. Therefore, rapid genomic analysis and creation of vaccines are vital. We developed a multisegment reverse transcription-PCR (M-RTPCR) approach that simultaneously amplifies eight genomic RNA segments, irrespective of virus subtype. M-RTPCR amplicons can be used for high-throughput sequencing and/or cloned into modified reverse-genetics plasmids via regions of sequence identity. We used these procedures to rescue a contemporary H3N2 virus and a swine origin H1N1 virus directly from human swab specimens. Together, M-RTPCR and the modified reverse-genetics plasmids that we designed streamline the creation of vaccine seed stocks (9 to 12 days).

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Microbes Infect

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerg Microbes Infect

Title: Emerging Microbes & Infections

Publisher: Taylor & Francis

ISSN (Electronic): 2222-1751

Publication date (Electronic, pub): 10 March 2022

Publication date (Electronic, collection): 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 10 March 2022

Volume: 11

Issue: 1

Pages: 757-760

Affiliations

[a ]Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security , Maseru, Lesotho

[b ]Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency , Vienna, Austria

[c ]Department of Animal Science, National University of Lesotho , Roma, Lesotho

Author notes

[CONTACT ] William G. Dundon dundon@ 123456iaea.org Animal Production and Health Laboratory, IAEA , Freidenstrasse, 1, Seibersdorf, Vienna 2444, Austria

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2022.2043729.

Author information

Mabusetsa R.J. Makalo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7388-698X

William G. Dundon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2776-169X

Tirumala B.K. Settypalli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9090-8471

Sneha Datta https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4201-3822

Charles E. Lamien https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1899-7614

Moeketsi S. Phalatsi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0523-8061

Article

Publisher ID: 2043729

DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2043729

PMC ID: 8920393

PubMed ID: 35171076

SO-VID: a7dcf5c2-76b3-4cf4-94e2-9215b400facd

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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (A/H5N1) virus outbreaks in Lesotho, May 2021

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Most cited references 13

Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets.

Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4

Single-reaction genomic amplification accelerates sequencing and vaccine production for classical and Swine origin human influenza a viruses.

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