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      Quais os benefícios para o doente da associação de metformina com dapagliflozina comparativamente a outros antidiabéticos orais?: Uma revisão baseada na evidência Translated title: Combined metformin and dapagliflozin therapy in diabetes: an evidence based review

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos da associação de dapagliflozina à metformina relativamente a outros antidiabéticos orais, em doentes com controlo inadequado com metformina em monoterapia. Fontes de dados: Base de dados MEDLINE e sítios eletrónicos de medicina baseada na evidência. Métodos de revisão: Pesquisa de estudos publicados entre janeiro de 2007 e março de 2017, em português, inglês e espanhol, utilizando os termos MeSH dapagliflozin; diabetes mellitus, type 2 e metformin. Para avaliação da qualidade dos estudos e força de recomendação foi utilizada a escala Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy, da American Family Physician (SORT). Resultados: Da pesquisa obtiveram-se 59 artigos, dos quais oito preencheram os critérios de inclusão: uma revisão sistemática, uma meta-análise, cinco ensaios clínicos e uma norma de orientação clínica. Pela análise destes estudos observou-se que a associação de dapagliflozina é eficaz na redução da hemoglobina glicada e do peso corporal, comparativamente a outras classes de antidiabéticos orais, sem aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de hipoglicemia. Os efeitos secundários mais frequentemente descritos, com a utilização deste fármaco, foram o aumento da prevalência de infeções do trato urinário e do trato genital, principalmente em mulheres. A dapagliflozina parece ter um efeito neutro em temos de morbimortalidade cardiovascular. Não está ainda clarificada a relação da sua utilização com o aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de cancro. Conclusões: Não foram encontrados dados suficientes que permitam afirmar que a associação de dapagliflozina à metformina seja superior à associação de metformina com as restantes classes de antidiabéticos orais existentes no mercado em termos de benefícios para o doente (SORT C). São necessários mais estudos que permitam avaliar a longo prazo os efeitos da dapagliflozina em termos de eficácia, segurança e morbimortalidade, assim como a manutenção dos resultados obtidos com esta associação de fármacos

          Translated abstract

          Objectives: To compare the effect of the combination of metformin and dapagliflozin compared with metformin and other oral anti-diabetics as an add-on therapy in patients inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Data sources: MEDLINE and other evidence-based medicine databases Review methods: A review was made of meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized controlled clinical trials and clinical guidelines, published between January 2007 and March 2017, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, using the MeSH terms ‘dapagliflozin', ‘diabetes mellitus type 2', and ‘metformin'. The American Family Physician Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) was used to establish the quality of the studies and to define the strength of recommendations. Results: There were 59 articles found. Eight met the inclusion criteria. These included one meta-analysis, one systematic review, five randomized controlled clinical trials, and one clinical guideline. There is evidence that dual therapy with metformin and dapagliflozin is effective in reducing glycosylated haemoglobin and body weight, when compared to other oral anti-diabetics, without increasing the risk of hypoglycemic episodes. The most frequent adverse effects related to this drug were urinary tract and genital infections, especially in women (SORT C). Dapagliflozin seems to be neutral regarding cardiovascular risk and its association with cancer is yet to be clarified. Conclusions: There was not enough evidence to support the claim that dapagliflozin combined with metformin is more effective or better for the patient when compared to other oral anti-diabetics (SORT C). Given these limitations, we conclude that more controlled studies are required to determine the effects of dapagliflozin in terms of efficacy, safety, morbidity and mortality, as well as the maintenance of the results with this combination of drugs

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          Effects of dapagliflozin on body weight, total fat mass, and regional adipose tissue distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycemic control on metformin.

          Dapagliflozin, a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, reduces hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by increasing urinary glucose excretion, and weight loss is a consistent associated finding. Our objectives were to confirm weight loss with dapagliflozin and establish through body composition measurements whether weight loss is accounted for by changes in fat or fluid components. This was a 24-wk, international, multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with ongoing 78-wk site- and patient-blinded extension period at 40 sites in five countries. Included were 182 patients with T2DM (mean values: women 63.3 and men 58.6 yr of age; hemoglobin A1c 7.17%, body mass index 31.9 kg/m2, and body weight 91.5 kg) inadequately controlled on metformin. Dapagliflozin 10 mg/d or placebo was added to open-label metformin for 24 wk. Primary endpoint was total body weight (TBW) change from baseline at wk 24. Key secondary endpoints were waist circumference and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry total-body fat mass (FM) changes from baseline at wk 24, and patient proportion achieving body weight reduction of at least 5% at wk 24. In a subset of patients, magnetic resonance assessment of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and sc adipose tissue (SAT) volume and hepatic lipid content were also evaluated. At wk 24, placebo-corrected changes with dapagliflozin were as follows: TBW, -2.08 kg [95% confidence interval (CI)=-2.84 to -1.31; P<0.0001]; waist circumference, -1.52 cm (95% CI=-2.74 to -0.31; P=0.0143); FM, -1.48 kg (95% CI=-2.22 to -0.74; P=0.0001); proportion of patients achieving weight reduction of at least 5%, +26.2% (95% CI=15.5 to 36.7; P<0.0001); VAT, -258.4 cm3 (95% CI=-448.1 to -68.6; nominal P=0.0084); SAT, -184.9 cm3 (95% CI=-359.7 to -10.1; nominal P=0.0385). In the dapagliflozin vs. placebo groups, respectively, serious adverse events were reported in 6.6 vs. 1.1%; events suggestive of vulvovaginitis, balanitis, and related genital infection in 3.3 vs. 0%; and lower urinary tract infections in 6.6 vs. 2.2%. Dapagliflozin reduces TBW, predominantly by reducing FM, VAT and SAT in T2DM inadequately controlled with metformin.
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            Dapagliflozin maintains glycaemic control while reducing weight and body fat mass over 2 years in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin.

            Dapagliflozin, a highly selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), reduces hyperglycaemia and weight in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by increasing urinary glucose excretion. Long-term glycaemic control, body composition and bone safety were evaluated in patients with T2DM after 102 weeks of dapagliflozin treatment.
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              SGLT inhibitors in management of diabetes.

              The two main sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs), SGLT1 and SGLT2, provide new therapeutic targets to reduce hyperglycaemia in patients with diabetes. SGLT1 enables the small intestine to absorb glucose and contributes to the reabsorption of glucose filtered by the kidney. SGLT2 is responsible for reabsorption of most of the glucose filtered by the kidney. Inhibitors with varying specificities for these transporters (eg, dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, and empagliflozin) can slow the rate of intestinal glucose absorption and increase the renal elimination of glucose into the urine. Results of randomised clinical trials have shown the blood glucose-lowering efficacy of SGLT inhibitors in type 2 diabetes when administered as monotherapy or in addition to other glucose-lowering therapies including insulin. Increased renal glucose elimination also assists weight loss and could help to reduce blood pressure. Effective SGLT2 inhibition needs adequate glomerular filtration and might increase risk of urinary tract and genital infection, and excessive inhibition of SGLT1 can cause gastro-intestinal symptoms. However, the insulin-independent mechanism of action of SGLT inhibitors seems to offer durable glucose-lowering efficacy with low risk of clinically significant hypoglycaemia at any stage in the natural history of type 2 diabetes. SGLT inhibition might also be considered in conjunction with insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rpmgf
                Revista Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar
                Rev Port Med Geral Fam
                Associação Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar (Lisboa, , Portugal )
                2182-5173
                July 2017
                : 33
                : 3
                : 210-220
                Affiliations
                [6] orgnameACeS do Alto Ave orgdiv1USF Serzedelo
                [4] Braga orgnameACeS do Cávado I - Braga orgdiv1USF S. Lourenço
                [2] Famalicão orgnameACeS do Ave Famalicão orgdiv1USF Terras do Ave
                [1] Famalicão orgnameACeS do Ave Famalicão orgdiv1USF S. Miguel-o-Anjo
                [5] orgnameACeS Marão e Douro Norte orgdiv1USF Nova Mateus
                [3] Famalicão orgnameACeS do Ave Famalicão orgdiv1USF Ribeirão
                Article
                S2182-51732017000300006
                aabca870-c0e2-4455-97c1-c09fccfd47d9

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 November 2016
                : 28 May 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Portugal


                Dapagliflozina,Metformina,Diabetes mellitus tipo 2,Dapagliflozin,Metformin,Diabetes mellitus type 2

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