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      Vector Competence of French Polynesian Aedes aegypti and Aedes polynesiensis for Zika Virus

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          Abstract

          Background

          In 2013–2014, French Polynesia experienced for the first time a Zika outbreak. Two Aedes mosquitoes may have contributed to Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission in French Polynesia: the worldwide distributed Ae. aegypti and the Polynesian islands-endemic Ae. polynesiensis mosquito.

          Methodology/Principal Findings

          To evaluate their vector competence for ZIKV, mosquitoes were infected per os at viral titers of 7 logs tissue culture infectious dose 50%. At several days post-infection (dpi), saliva was collected from each mosquito and inoculated onto C6/36 mosquito cells to check for the presence of ZIKV infectious particles. Legs and body of each mosquito were also collected and submitted separately to RNA extraction and ZIKV RT-PCR. In Ae. aegypti the infection rate was high as early as 6 dpi and the dissemination efficiency get substantial from 9 dpi while the both rates remained quite low in Ae. polynesiensis. The transmission efficiency was poor in Ae. aegypti until 14 dpi and no infectious saliva was found in Ae. polynesiensis at the time points studied.

          Conclusions/Significance

          In our experimental conditions, the late ability of the French Polynesian Ae. aegypti to transmit ZIKV added by the poor competence of Ae. polynesiensis for this virus suggest the possible contribution of another vector for the propagation of ZIKV during the outbreak, in particular in remote islands where Ae. polynesiensis is predominating.

          Author Summary

          From 2007, Zika virus has caused several outbreaks in the Pacific including French Polynesia. Aedes aegypti mosquito which is present in almost all Pacific Island Countries is reasonably expected to have been involved in the Zika outbreaks. In addition endemic Aedes mosquito species may have sustained Zika virus transmission in the less urbanized and most remote islands. In the present study we provide for the first time data about the vector competence of the endemic Ae. polynesiensis species for Zika virus. We found under experimental conditions a weak competence of Ae. polynesiensis for the virus. Furthermore we demonstrated a late ability of the French Polynesian population of Ae. aegypti to transmit Zika virus. These findings raise questions about the potential involvement of other vector(s) in Zika virus transmission in place or together with the Aedes mosquitoes. In a context where innovative vector control strategies are mostly focused on targeting the mosquito species considered as the main arbovirus vectors, the potential for others vector species to take the lead in transmitting such arboviruses should not be neglected.

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          Most cited references17

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          Differential Susceptibilities of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from the Americas to Zika Virus

          Background Since the major outbreak in 2007 in the Yap Island, Zika virus (ZIKV) causing dengue-like syndromes has affected multiple islands of the South Pacific region. In May 2015, the virus was detected in Brazil and then spread through South and Central America. In December 2015, ZIKV was detected in French Guiana and Martinique. The aim of the study was to evaluate the vector competence of the mosquito spp. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from the Caribbean (Martinique, Guadeloupe), North America (southern United States), South America (Brazil, French Guiana) for the currently circulating Asian genotype of ZIKV isolated from a patient in April 2014 in New Caledonia. Methodology/Principal Findings Mosquitoes were orally exposed to an Asian genotype of ZIKV (NC-2014-5132). Upon exposure, engorged mosquitoes were maintained at 28°±1°C, a 16h:8h light:dark cycle and 80% humidity. 25–30 mosquitoes were processed at 4, 7 and 14 days post-infection (dpi). Mosquito bodies (thorax and abdomen), heads and saliva were analyzed to measure infection, dissemination and transmission, respectively. High infection but lower disseminated infection and transmission rates were observed for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Ae. aegypti populations from Guadeloupe and French Guiana exhibited a higher dissemination of ZIKV than the other Ae. aegypti populations examined. Transmission of ZIKV was observed in both mosquito species at 14 dpi but at a low level. Conclusions/Significance This study suggests that although susceptible to infection, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were unexpectedly low competent vectors for ZIKV. This may suggest that other factors such as the large naïve population for ZIKV and the high densities of human-biting mosquitoes contribute to the rapid spread of ZIKV during the current outbreak.
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            Isolation of Zika virus from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Malaysia.

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              Isolation of a Singh's Aedes albopictus cell clone sensitive to Dengue and Chikungunya viruses.

              A Igarashi (1978)
              Twenty clones were isolated from cultured Aedes albopictus (Singh) cells in the presence of anti-Chikungunya (CHIK) virus serum. Each clone was tested for its yields of Dengue (DEN) viruses, types 1, 2, 3 and 4, and also CHIK virus. Clone C6 showed the highest yield of each virus tested. Forty-three clones obtained by recloning C6 in the presence of anti-DEN sera showed almost the same virus yields as C6. One of the clones, C6/36, showed mild to extensive cytopathic effects several days after virus infection, in contrast to the original uncloned (SAAR) cells. Fluorescent antibody staining revealed that the amount of virus antigen accumulated in the cytoplasm was almost the same in every cell in the case of clone C6/36, while it was highly heterogeneous for uncloned SAAR cells. Growth curves of the viruses indicated that clone C6/36 gave a significantly higher yield for each virus than uncloned SAAR cells up to 7 days after infection. Virus sensitivity of the C6/36 clone did not change by growing the cells with the medium used for uncloned SAAR cells, nor did the virus sensitivity of uncloned cells increase in medium used for clone C6/36. However, the C6/36 clone became resistant to CHIK virus, but not to DEN or Sindbis viruses, after incubation with the medium used for another A. albopictus cell line (SAAK). The transfer of the specific resistance to CHIK may be mediated by some latent virus related to CHIK.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS Negl Trop Dis
                PLoS Negl Trop Dis
                plos
                plosntds
                PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1935-2727
                1935-2735
                21 September 2016
                September 2016
                : 10
                : 9
                : e0005024
                Affiliations
                [001]Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
                Fundaçao Oswaldo Cruz, BRAZIL
                Author notes

                The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceived and designed the experiments: VR VMCL.

                • Performed the experiments: VR TP.

                • Analyzed the data: VR.

                • Wrote the paper: VR VMCL.

                Article
                PNTD-D-16-00873
                10.1371/journal.pntd.0005024
                5031459
                27654962
                ac175888-0494-4df3-bc75-9a08c14eda55
                © 2016 Richard et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 12 May 2016
                : 7 September 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Pages: 8
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Epidemiology
                Disease Vectors
                Insect Vectors
                Mosquitoes
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                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Infectious disease & Microbiology

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