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      Exercise Addiction During the COVID-19 Pandemic: an International Study Confirming the Need for Considering Passion and Perfectionism

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          Abstract

          Various levels of lockdown due to COVID-19 limit people’s habitual physical activity. Individuals addicted to exercise, health-oriented, and team-exercisers could be the most affected. We examined the COVID-19-related changes in exercise volume in 1079 exercisers from eight Spanish-speaking nations based on exercise addiction categories, primary reasons for exercise, and forms of exercise. The COVID-19-related decrease in exercise volume was 49.24% in the sample. The proportion of the risk of exercise addiction was 15.2%. Most (81.7%) of the participants exercised for a health-related reason. These exercisers reported lesser decrease in their exercise volume than those exercising for social reasons. The risk of exercise addiction was inversely related to changes in exercise volume, but after controlling for passion and perfectionism the relationship vanished. The reported effect of COVID-19 on training did not differ between the exercise addiction groups. The findings also confirm that exercise addiction research should control for passion and perfectionism.

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          Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model

          Irwin Rosenstock (1974)
          Article 0 comments Cited 601 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Les passions de l'ame: on obsessive and harmonious passion.

            Robert J Vallerand, Céline Blanchard, Geneviève Mageau … (2003)
            Passion is defined as a strong inclination toward an activity that people like, that they find important, and in which they invest time and energy. Two types of passion are proposed: obsessive and harmonious. Obsessive passion (OP) refers to a controlled internalization of an activity in one's identity that creates an internal pressure to engage in the activity that the person likes. Harmonious passion (HP) refers to an autonomous internalization that leads individuals to choose to engage in the activity that they like. HP promotes healthy adaptation whereas OP thwarts it by causing negative affect and rigid persistence. Results from four studies involving more than 900 participants from different populations supported the proposed conceptualization.
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              Comparisons of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness as predictors of all-cause mortality in men and women.

              T Church, X Sui, U Ekelund … (2011)
              To examine the combined associations and relative contributions of leisure-time physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with all-cause mortality. Prospective cohort study. Setting Aerobics centre longitudinal study. 31,818 men and 10 555 women who received a medical examination during 1978-2002. Assessment of risk factors Leisure-time PA assessed by self-reported questionnaire; CRF assessed by maximal treadmill test. Main outcome measures All-cause mortality until 31 December 2003. There were 1492 (469 per 10,000) and 230 (218 per 10,000) deaths in men and women, respectively. PA and CRF were positively correlated in men (r = 0.49) and women (r = 0.47) controlling for age (p < 0.001 for both). PA was inversely associated with mortality in multivariable Cox regression analysis among men, but the association was eliminated after further adjustment for CRF. No significant association of PA with mortality was observed in women. CRF was inversely associated with mortality in men and women, and the associations remained significant after further adjustment for PA. In the PA and CRF combined analysis, compared with the reference group "not meeting the recommended PA (< 500 metabolic equivalent-minute/week) and unfit", the relative risks (95% CIs) of mortality were 0.62 (0.54 to 0.72) and 0.61 (0.44 to 0.86) in men and women "not meeting the recommended PA and fit", 0.96 (0.61 to 1.53) and 0.93 (0.33 to 2.58) in men and women "meeting the recommended PA and unfit" and 0.60 (0.51 to 0.70) and 0.56 (0.37 to 0.85) in men and women "meeting the recommended PA and fit", respectively. CRF was more strongly associated with all-cause mortality than PA; therefore, improving CRF should be encouraged in unfit individuals to reduce risk of mortality and considered in the development of future PA guidelines.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Attila Szabo:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2788-4304
                szabo.attila@ppk.elte.hu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Ment Health Addict
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Ment Health Addict
                Title: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 1557-1874
                ISSN (Electronic): 1557-1882
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 December 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 3 December 2020
                Pages: 1-12
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.5515.4, ISNI 0000000119578126, Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, , Autonomous University of Madrid, ; Madrid, Spain
                [2 ]GRID grid.5515.4, ISNI 0000000119578126, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, , Autonomous University of Madrid, ; Madrid, Spain
                [3 ]GRID grid.5591.8, ISNI 0000 0001 2294 6276, Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, , ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, ; Bogdánfy u. 10/B, Budapest, 1117 Hungary
                [4 ]GRID grid.5591.8, ISNI 0000 0001 2294 6276, Institute of Psychology, , ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, ; Budapest, Hungary
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2788-4304
                Article
                Publisher ID: 433
                DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00433-7
                PMC ID: 7714253
                PubMed ID: 33293905
                SO-VID: ac34971c-d4fa-40bf-b91c-2e2ffe1b9ee0
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2020
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date accepted : 11 November 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: Eötvös Loránd University
                Open Access :

                Open access funding provided by Eötvös Loránd University.

                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
                Keywords: exercise dependence,individual sport,reason for exercise,team sport,training
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
                Keywords: exercise dependence, individual sport, reason for exercise, team sport, training

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