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      Association of schistosomiasis and HIV infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) affects up to 56 million women in sub-Saharan Africa and may increase risk of HIV infection.

          Methods:

          To assess the association of schistosomiasis with HIV infection, peer-reviewed literature published until 31 December 2018 was examined and a pooled estimate for the odds ratio was generated using Bayesian random effects models.

          Results:

          Of the 364 abstracts that were identified, 26 were included in the summary. Eight reported odds ratios of the association between schistosomiasis and HIV; one reported a transmission hazard ratio of 1.8 (95% CI, 1.2–2.6) among women and 1.4 (95% CI, 1.0–1.9) among men; 11 described the prevalence of schistosomiasis among HIV-positive people (range, 1.5–36.6%); and six reported the prevalence of HIV among people with schistosomiasis (range, 5.8–57.3%). Six studies were selected for quantitative analysis. The pooled estimate for the odds ratio of HIV among people with schistosomiasis was 2.3 (95% CI, 1.2–4.3).

          Conclusions:

          A significant association of schistosomiasis with HIV was found. However, a specific summary estimate for FGS could not be generated. A research agenda was provided to determine the effect of FGS on HIV infection. The WHO’s policy on mass drug administration for schistosomiasis may prevent HIV.

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          The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration.

          Alessandro Liberati, Douglas G. Altman, Jennifer Tetzlaff … (2009)
          Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are essential to summarize evidence relating to efficacy and safety of health care interventions accurately and reliably. The clarity and transparency of these reports, however, is not optimal. Poor reporting of systematic reviews diminishes their value to clinicians, policy makers, and other users. Since the development of the QUOROM (QUality Of Reporting Of Meta-analysis) Statement-a reporting guideline published in 1999-there have been several conceptual, methodological, and practical advances regarding the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Also, reviews of published systematic reviews have found that key information about these studies is often poorly reported. Realizing these issues, an international group that included experienced authors and methodologists developed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) as an evolution of the original QUOROM guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of evaluations of health care interventions. The PRISMA Statement consists of a 27-item checklist and a four-phase flow diagram. The checklist includes items deemed essential for transparent reporting of a systematic review. In this Explanation and Elaboration document, we explain the meaning and rationale for each checklist item. For each item, we include an example of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature. The PRISMA Statement, this document, and the associated Web site (www.prisma-statement.org) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
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            Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy.

            Myron S Cohen, Ying Q Chen, Marybeth McCauley … (2012)
            Antiretroviral therapy that reduces viral replication could limit the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in serodiscordant couples. In nine countries, we enrolled 1763 couples in which one partner was HIV-1-positive and the other was HIV-1-negative; 54% of the subjects were from Africa, and 50% of infected partners were men. HIV-1-infected subjects with CD4 counts between 350 and 550 cells per cubic millimeter were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive antiretroviral therapy either immediately (early therapy) or after a decline in the CD4 count or the onset of HIV-1-related symptoms (delayed therapy). The primary prevention end point was linked HIV-1 transmission in HIV-1-negative partners. The primary clinical end point was the earliest occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis, severe bacterial infection, a World Health Organization stage 4 event, or death. As of February 21, 2011, a total of 39 HIV-1 transmissions were observed (incidence rate, 1.2 per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9 to 1.7); of these, 28 were virologically linked to the infected partner (incidence rate, 0.9 per 100 person-years, 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.3). Of the 28 linked transmissions, only 1 occurred in the early-therapy group (hazard ratio, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.27; P<0.001). Subjects receiving early therapy had fewer treatment end points (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.88; P=0.01). The early initiation of antiretroviral therapy reduced rates of sexual transmission of HIV-1 and clinical events, indicating both personal and public health benefits from such therapy. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; HPTN 052 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00074581.).
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              Association between genital schistosomiasis and HIV in rural Zimbabwean women.

              P Ndhlovu, Leiv Sandvik, Takafira Mduluza … (2006)
              To determine the association between female genital Schistosoma haematobium infection and HIV. A cross-sectional study with a 1-year follow-up. Gynecological and laboratory investigations were performed for S. haematobium and HIV. Sexually transmitted infections, demographic and urogenital history were analysed as confounders. The participants were 527 sexually active, non-pregnant, non-menopausal women between the ages of 20 and 49 years. The setting was a rural Zimbabwean community where S. haematobium related lesions were found in 46% of the women, HIV in 29% and herpes simplex type- 2 (HSV-2) in 65%. In permanent residents (>3 years residency), HIV was found in 41% (29/70) of women with laboratory proven genital schistosomiasis as opposed to 26% HIV positive (96/375) in the schistosomal ova negative group [odds ratio (OR), 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-3.5; P = 0.008. In multivariate analysis S. haematobium infection of the genital mucosa was significantly associated with HIV seropositivity (adjusted OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.11-7.5; P = 0.030). All seven women who became HIV positive during the study period (seroincidence 3.1%) had signs of S. haematobium at baseline. In accordance with other studies HIV was significantly associated with HSV-2 (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.7-5.3; P < 0.001), syphilis and human papillomavirus. The highest HIV prevalence (45%) was found in the 25-29 years age group. Women with genital schistosomiasis had an almost three-fold risk of having HIV in this rural Zimbabwean community. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the association.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-journal-id): 9610933
                Journal ID (pubmed-jr-id): 20844
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Infect Dis
                Title: International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases
                ISSN (Print): 1201-9712
                ISSN (Electronic): 1878-3511
                Publication date Nihms-submitted: 18 February 2022
                Publication date (Print): January 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 November 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 28 February 2022
                Volume: 102
                Pages: 544-553
                Affiliations
                [a ]Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
                [b ]Deputy Director for Non-Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
                [c ]Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases Ullevaal, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
                [d ]Discipline of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
                [e ]Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
                [f ]World Health Organization, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
                [g ]UNAIDS, Geneva, Switzerland
                [h ]National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of AIDS, Rockville, MD, USA
                [i ]Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator, Department of State, Washington, DC, USA
                [j ]Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
                Author notes

                Author contributions

                PP and WES directed the project. PP and CER designed the study. PP and EFK reviewed the literature. CER conducted the data analysis. PP, EFK, JAD, and PSM wrote the paper. All authors reviewed and commented on the manuscript.

                [* ]Corresponding author at: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV and TB, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. plp3@ 123456cdc.gov (P. Patel).
                Article
                Manuscript ID: HHSPA1781372
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.088
                PMC ID: 8883428
                PubMed ID: 33157296
                SO-VID: ac41d2d8-26e2-44b1-b16d-f919f40dc457
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: hiv,schistosomiasis,association,sub-saharan africa
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: hiv, schistosomiasis, association, sub-saharan africa

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