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      Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy in detecting malignant lesions of vocal folds Translated title: Endomicroscopia confocale laser tramite sonda nel rilevamento delle lesioni maligne delle corde vocali

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          SUMMARY

          Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an innovative technique for real-time, non-invasive analysis of the surface epithelium. While being successfully used for diagnosis by experts, this method has not yet been established in clinical routine, partly due to the lack of standards and criteria for classifying various lesions. Our aim was to determine the diagnostic value and inter-rater reliability of CLE in detecting malignant lesions of the vocal cords. 58 video sequences were extracted from the probe-based CLE (GastroFlex probe with a Cellvizio ® laser system) examinations of 3 patients with squamous cell carcinomas and 4 patients with benign alterations of the vocal folds. Two ENT surgeons, who were blinded to the histological result, were asked to identify the sequences representing a carcinoma. We showed an accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 91.38-96.55%, 100%, 87.8-95.2%, 77.27-89.47% and 100%, respectively, with an inter-rater reliability of k = 0.89 (“almost perfect agreement”). Probe-based CLE is a promising method for diagnosis and assessment of vocal fold lesions in vivo. Our results suggest that, with adequate training, the diagnostic value of this technique can be improved and potentially provide important information during oncological surgery.

          RIASSUNTO

          L’endomicroscopia confocale laser (CLE) tramite sonda è una tecnica innovativa per l’analisi in tempo reale non invasiva dell’epitelio di superficie. Mentre il suo uso diagnostico ha avuto successo tra gli specialisti, questo metodo non si è ancora affermato nella routine clinica, in parte anche per la mancanza di regole e criteri per la classificazione delle varie lesioni. Il nostro obiettivo era quello di determinare il valore diagnostico e l’affidabilità tra valutatori CLE nel rilevamento delle lesioni maligne delle corde vocali. Sono state estratte 58 sequenze video dagli esami CLE tramite sonda (sonda GastroFlex con un sistema laser Cellvizio ®) di 3 pazienti con carcinoma squamocellulare e di 4 pazienti con alterazioni benigne delle corde vocali. A due chirurghi ORL, in cieco per l’esame istologico, è stato chiesto di identificare le sequenze riguardanti un carcinoma. L’accuratezza, sensibilità, specificità, VPP e VPN sono stati rispettivamente del 91,38-96,55%, 100%, 87,8-95,2%%, 77,27%-89,47% e 100%, con un’affidabilità fra valutatori di k = 0,89 (“accordo quasi perfetto”). La CLE tramite sonda è una tecnica promettente per la diagnosi e la valutazione delle corde vocali in vivo. I nostri risultati suggeriscono che, con un’adeguata formazione, il valore diagnostico di questa tecnica può aumentare e fornire potenzialmente importanti informazioni durante la chirurgia oncologica.

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          Critical evaluation of diagnostic aids for the detection of oral cancer.

          Historically, the screening of patients for signs of oral cancer and precancerous lesions has relied upon the conventional oral examination. A variety of commercial diagnostic aids and adjunctive techniques are available to potentially assist in the screening of healthy patients for evidence of otherwise occult cancerous change or to assess the biologic potential of clinically abnormal mucosal lesions. This manuscript systematically and critically examines the literature associated with current oral cancer screening and case-finding aids or adjuncts such as toluidine blue, brush cytology, tissue reflectance and autofluorescence. The characteristics of an ideal screening test are outlined and the authors pose several questions for clinicians and scientists to consider in the evaluation of current and future studies of oral cancer detection and diagnosis. Although the increased public awareness of oral cancer made possible by the marketing of recently-introduced screening adjuncts is commendable, the tantalizing implication that such technologies may improve detection of oral cancers and precancers beyond conventional oral examination alone has yet to be rigorously confirmed.
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            Oesophageal cancer incidence in the United States by race, sex, and histologic type, 1977–2005

            Background: In the United States, the rates and temporal trends of oesophageal cancer overall and for the two predominant histologic types – adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) – differ between Blacks and Whites, but little is known with regard to the patterns among Asians/Pacific Islanders or Hispanics. Methods: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results programme data, we analysed oesophageal cancer incidence patterns by race, sex, and histologic type for the period 1977–2005. Results: Total oesophageal cancer incidence has been increasing among Whites only; the rates among all other race groups have declined. Moreover, rates among White men surpassed those among Blacks in 2004. Oesophageal SCC rates have been decreasing among virtually all racial/ethnic groups; rates among Hispanic and Asian/Pacific Islander men have been intermediate to those of Blacks and Whites, with rates among women being lower than those among Blacks or Whites. The ADC rates among Hispanic men may be rising, akin to the historical trends among Whites and Blacks. The sex ratios for these cancers also varied markedly. Conclusions: These observations may provide clues for aetiological research.
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              Automatic Classification of Cancerous Tissue in Laserendomicroscopy Images of the Oral Cavity using Deep Learning

              Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is a common type of cancer of the oral epithelium. Despite their high impact on mortality, sufficient screening methods for early diagnosis of OSCC often lack accuracy and thus OSCCs are mostly diagnosed at a late stage. Early detection and accurate outline estimation of OSCCs would lead to a better curative outcome and a reduction in recurrence rates after surgical treatment. Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy (CLE) records sub-surface micro-anatomical images for in vivo cell structure analysis. Recent CLE studies showed great prospects for a reliable, real-time ultrastructural imaging of OSCC in situ. We present and evaluate a novel automatic approach for OSCC diagnosis using deep learning technologies on CLE images. The method is compared against textural feature-based machine learning approaches that represent the current state of the art. For this work, CLE image sequences (7894 images) from patients diagnosed with OSCC were obtained from 4 specific locations in the oral cavity, including the OSCC lesion. The present approach is found to outperform the state of the art in CLE image recognition with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.96 and a mean accuracy of 88.3% (sensitivity 86.6%, specificity 90%).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                AOI
                Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
                Pacini Editore Srl
                0392-100X
                1827-675X
                December 2019
                31 January 2019
                : 39
                : 6
                : 389-395
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital , Erlangen, Germany
                [2 ] Pattern Recognition Lab, Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
                [3 ] Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universität Regensburg, University Hospital , Regensburg, Germany
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Miguel Goncalves, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Waldstraße 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany. Tel. +49 9131 85-33156. Fax +49 9131 85 33833. E-mail: miguel.goncalves@ 123456uk-erlangen.de
                Article
                10.14639/0392-100X-2121
                6966779
                30745593
                ad9fb587-1bf1-470a-a585-8b8d4936f6e8
                Società Italiana di Otorinolaringoiatria e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale, Rome, Italy

                This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

                History
                : 17 February 2018
                : 10 April 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Laryngology

                Otolaryngology
                confocal laser endomicroscopy,laryngeal cancer,non-invasive histological imaging,vocal folds,endomicroscopia confocale laser,cancro laringeo,imaging istologico non-invasivo,corde vocali

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