The reported toxicity of oxybenzone-based sunscreens to corals has raised concerns about the impacts of ecotourist-shed sunscreens on corals already weakened by global stressors. However, oxybenzone’s toxicity mechanism(s) are not understood, hampering development of safer sunscreens. We found that oxybenzone caused high mortality of a sea anemone under simulated sunlight including ultraviolet (UV) radiation (290 to 370 nanometers). Although oxybenzone itself protected against UV-induced photo-oxidation, both the anemone and a mushroom coral formed oxybenzone–glucoside conjugates that were strong photo-oxidants. Algal symbionts sequestered these conjugates, and mortality correlated with conjugate concentrations in animal cytoplasm. Higher mortality in anemones that lacked symbionts suggests an enhanced risk from oxybenzone to corals bleached by rising temperatures. Because many commercial sunscreens contain structurally related chemicals, understanding metabolite phototoxicity should facilitate the development of coral-safe products.
Coral reefs face many serious threats from human activity. Sunscreens can cause reef damage, and although the precise mechanisms involved are still under study, some localities have already phased out common components such as oxybenzone. Using a sea anemone as a model system, Vuckovic et al . found that oxybenzone is modified within cells by attachment of glucose, turning it from a sunscreen into a potent photosensitizer (see the Perspective by Hansel). The glycoside conjugate is concentrated within the algal symbionts of anemones and corals, and bleached anemones are more susceptible to damage when exposed to ultraviolet light and oxybenzone, suggesting that the algae provide some protection to their hosts. These experiments add to our understanding of reef damage by sunscreens and may help to inform policy and new sunscreen development. —MAF
Corals and anemones convert oxybenzone to phototoxins that are sequestered by their algae, raising risks for bleached reefs.