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      The ‘wickedness’ of governing land subsidence: Policy perspectives from urban Southeast Asia

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          Abstract

          Drawing on Jakarta, Metro Manila and Singapore as case studies, we explore the paradox of slow political action in addressing subsiding land, particularly along high-density urban coastlines with empirical insights from coastal geography, geodesy analysis, geology, and urban planning. In framing land subsidence as a classic ‘wicked’ policy problem, and also as a hybrid geological and anthropogenic phenomenon that is unevenly experienced across urban contexts, the paper uses a three-step analysis. First, satellite-derived InSAR maps are integrated with Sentinel-1A data in order to reveal the socio-temporal variability of subsidence rates which in turn pose challenges in uniformly applying regulatory action. Second, a multi-sectoral mapping of diverse policies and practices spanning urban water supply, groundwater extraction, land use zoning, building codes, tenurial security, and land reclamation reveal the extent to which the broader coastal governance landscape remains fragmented and incongruous, particularly in arresting a multi-dimensional phenomenon such as subsidence. Finally, in reference to distinct coastal identities of each city–the ‘Sinking Capital’ (Jakarta), ‘Fortress Singapore’, and the ‘Disaster Capital’ (Manila) the paper illustrates how land subsidence is portrayed across the three metropolises in markedly similar ways: as a reversible, quasi-natural, and/or a highly individualized problem.

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          Occurrence of the potent mutagens 2- nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone in fine airborne particles

          Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are known due to their mutagenic activity. Among them, 2-nitrobenzanthrone (2-NBA) and 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) are considered as two of the most potent mutagens found in atmospheric particles. In the present study 2-NBA, 3-NBA and selected PAHs and Nitro-PAHs were determined in fine particle samples (PM 2.5) collected in a bus station and an outdoor site. The fuel used by buses was a diesel-biodiesel (96:4) blend and light-duty vehicles run with any ethanol-to-gasoline proportion. The concentrations of 2-NBA and 3-NBA were, on average, under 14.8 µg g−1 and 4.39 µg g−1, respectively. In order to access the main sources and formation routes of these compounds, we performed ternary correlations and multivariate statistical analyses. The main sources for the studied compounds in the bus station were diesel/biodiesel exhaust followed by floor resuspension. In the coastal site, vehicular emission, photochemical formation and wood combustion were the main sources for 2-NBA and 3-NBA as well as the other PACs. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were calculated for both places, which presented low values, showing low cancer risk incidence although the ILCR values for the bus station were around 2.5 times higher than the ILCR from the coastal site.
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            Dilemmas in a general theory of planning

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              Overcoming the tragedy of super wicked problems: constraining our future selves to ameliorate global climate change

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Writing – original draft
                Role: Conceptualization
                Role: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                9 June 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 6
                : e0250208
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department for Social Sciences, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
                [2 ] Geodetic Hazard Monitoring Group, Section Global Geomonitoring and Gravity Field, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
                [3 ] Artec Sustainability Research Centre, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
                [4 ] Geodetic Hazard Monitoring Group, Section Global Geomonitoring and Gravity Field, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
                [5 ] Helmholtz Centre Potsdam–GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, German
                [6 ] Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
                [7 ] Ateneo de Manila University; and Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines
                [8 ] Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
                [9 ] Institute for Sociology, University of Bremen; and Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
                Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada Division de Fisica Aplicada, MEXICO
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest in this research paper.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-3158
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4118-9578
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2512-3934
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9599-4348
                Article
                PONE-D-20-03843
                10.1371/journal.pone.0250208
                8189459
                34106961
                af1ac6c3-4edb-476c-bf5b-5dcd5998e3c9
                © 2021 Siriwardane-de Zoysa et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 1 March 2020
                : 3 April 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Pages: 25
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: SPP 1889
                Award Recipient :
                This study was generously funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft / the German Science Foundation (DFG), through the first phase of the Special Priority Program (SPP) - 1889 “Regional Sea Level Change and Society.” The paper integrates interdisciplinary work of three SPP 1889 research projects – “Epistemic Mobilities and the Governance of Environmental Risks in Island Southeast Asia” (EMERSA), the “Hazardous Potential in Indonesia and South East Asia” (CoRSEA), and “Holocene Sea-level Changes in Southeast Asia” (SEASchange).
                Categories
                Research Article
                Earth Sciences
                Hydrology
                Flooding
                People and Places
                Geographical Locations
                Asia
                Singapore
                Engineering and Technology
                Civil Engineering
                Urban Infrastructure
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Pollution
                Water Pollution
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Natural Resources
                Water Resources
                Earth Sciences
                Geophysics
                Tides
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Geophysics
                Tides
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Oceanography
                Sea Level Change
                Earth Sciences
                Geomorphology
                Topography
                Landforms
                Islands
                Custom metadata
                Due to ethical and legal restrictions, anonymized aggregated qualitative interview data can be made available upon request from qualified, interested researchers. The following non-author institutional contact who will be available to field future data requests is: Prof. Dr. Nils Moosdorf Head of Biogeochemistry and Geology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) Email: nils.moosdorf@ 123456leibniz-zmt.de phone: +49 421 23800 – 33 Meanwhile, we have attached a minimal (aggregated) data set for the social survey results. The qualitative interviews (as entire monologue transcripts) cannot be shared as this data is sensitive and much of the content potential reveals participant identities. A prerequisite in soliciting verbal informed consent was that the identities of the participants would be kept confidential and that no access to raw data would be given to members outside the research team.

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