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      Activity of Alkaloids on Peptic Ulcer: What’s New?

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          Abstract

          Peptic ulcer is a common disease characterized by lesions that affect the mucosa of the esophagus, stomach and/or duodenum, and may extend into the muscular layer of the mucosa. Natural products have played an important role in the process of development and discovery of new drugs, due to their wide structural diversity and present, mostly specific and selective biological activities. Among natural products the alkaloids, biologically active secondary metabolites, that can be found in plants, animals or microorganisms stand out. The alkaloids are compounds consisting of a basic nitrogen atom that may or may not be part of a heterocyclic ring. This review will describe 15 alkaloids with antiulcer activity in animal models and in vitro studies.

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          Systematic Review of the Epidemiology of Complicated Peptic Ulcer Disease: Incidence, Recurrence, Risk Factors and Mortality

          James Lau, J. Lau, Joseph Sung … (2011)
          Background/Aims: The incidence of uncomplicated peptic ulcer has decreased in recent years. It is unclear what the impact of this has been on the epidemiology of peptic ulcer complications. This systematic review aimed to determine the incidence, recurrence and mortality of complicated peptic ulcer and the risk factors associated with these events. Methods: Systematic PubMed searches. Results: Overall, 93 studies were identified. Annual incidence estimates of peptic ulcer hemorrhage and perforation were 19.4–57.0 and 3.8–14 per 100,000 individuals, respectively. The average 7-day recurrence of hemorrhage was 13.9% (95% CI: 8.4–19.4), and the average long-term recurrence of perforation was 12.2% (95% CI: 2.5–21.9). Risk factors for peptic ulcer complications and their recurrence included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and/or acetylsalicylic acid use, Helicobacter pylori infection and ulcer size ≧1 cm. Proton pump inhibitor use reduced the risk of peptic ulcer hemorrhage. Average 30-day mortality was 8.6% (95% CI: 5.8–11.4) after hemorrhage and 23.5% (95% CI: 15.5–31.0) after perforation. Older age, comorbidity, shock and delayed treatment were associated with increased mortality. Conclusions: Complicated peptic ulcer remains a substantial healthcare problem which places patients at a high risk of recurrent complications and death.
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            A review of natural products with antileishmanial activity.

            Arménio Barbosa, O Macedo, Charles D S Almeida … (2005)
            Infections caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania are a major worldwide health problem, with high endemicity in developing countries. The incidence of the disease has increased since the emergence of AIDS. In the absence of a vaccine, there is an urgent need for effective drugs to replace/supplement those in current use. The plant kingdom is undoubtedly valuable as a source of new medicinal agents. The present work constitutes a review of the literature on plant extracts and chemically defined molecules of natural origin showing antileishmanial activity. The review refers to 101 plants, their families, and geographical distribution, the parts utilized, the type of extract and the organism tested. It also includes 288 compounds isolated from higher plants and microorganisms, classified into appropriate chemical groups. Some aspects of recent antileishmanial-activity-directed research on natural products are discussed.
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              Flavonoids with Gastroprotective Activity

              Kelly de Lira Mota, Guilherme Dias, Meri Emili Ferreira Pinto … (2009)
              Peptic ulcers are a common disorder of the entire gastrointestinal tract that occurs mainly in the stomach and the proximal duodenum. This disease is multifactorial and its treatment faces great difficulties due to the limited effectiveness and severe side effects of the currently available drugs. The use of natural products for the prevention and treatment of different pathologies is continuously expanding throughout the world. This is particularly true with regards to flavonoids, which represent a highly diverse class of secondary metabolites with potentially beneficial human health effects that is widely distributed in the plant kingdom and currently consumed in large amounts in the diet. They display several pharmacological properties in the gastroprotective area, acting as anti-secretory, cytoprotective and antioxidant agents. Besides their action as gastroprotectives, flavonoids also act in healing of gastric ulcers and additionally these polyphenolic compounds can be new alternatives for suppression or modulation of peptic ulcers associated with H. pylori. In this review, we have summarized the literature on ninety-five flavonoids with varying degrees of antiulcerogenic activity, confirming that flavonoids have a therapeutic potential for the more effective treatment of peptic ulcers.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Patricia Valentao: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 08 January 2015
                Publication date Collection: January 2015
                Volume: 20
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 929-950
                Affiliations
                Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; E-Mails: raphaelafrancelino@ 123456gmail.com (R.F.N.); igor_caraubas@ 123456hotmail.com (I.R.P.S.); rodrigo.formiga@ 123456hotmail.com (R.O.F.); jbarbosa@ 123456ltf.ufpb.br (J.M.B.-F.); mariannavbs@ 123456gmail.com (M.V.S.); josean@ 123456ltf.ufpb.br (J.F.T.); margareth@ 123456ltf.ufpb.br (M.F.F.M.D.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: leoniab@ 123456uol.com.br ; Tel.: +55-83-3216-7003; Fax: +55-83-3216-7502.
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-20-00929
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules20010929
                PMC ID: 6272740
                PubMed ID: 25580688
                SO-VID: afbf9f1e-62b8-4b5e-b3ec-68a00871b954
                Copyright © © 2015 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 31 October 2014
                Date accepted : 18 December 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: alkaloids,gastroprotective,peptic ulcer,natural products,review
                Data availability:
                Keywords: alkaloids, gastroprotective, peptic ulcer, natural products, review

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