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      Controlling the causative agents of coccidiosis in domestic chickens; an eye on the past and considerations for the future

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          Abstract

          Coccidiosis is a potentially severe enteritis caused by species of obligate intracellular parasites of the genus Eimeria. These parasites cause significant economic losses to the poultry industry, predominantly due to compromised efficiency of production as well as the cost of control. These losses were recently estimated to cost chicken producers approximately £10.4 billion worldwide annually. High levels of Eimeria infection cause clinical coccidiosis which is a significant threat to poultry welfare, and a pre-disposing contributory factor for necrotic enteritis. Control of Eimeria parasites and coccidiosis is therefore an important endeavour; multiple approaches have been developed and these are often deployed together. This review summarises current trends in strategies for control of Eimeria, focusing on three main areas: good husbandry, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination. There is currently no “perfect solution” and there are advantages and limitations to all existing methods. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present current control strategies and suggest how these may develop in the future.

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          Probiotics and prebiotics in animal feeding for safe food production.

          Francesca Gaggìa, Paola Mattarelli, Bruno Biavati (2010)
          Recent outbreaks of food-borne diseases highlight the need for reducing bacterial pathogens in foods of animal origin. Animal enteric pathogens are a direct source for food contamination. The ban of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) has been a challenge for animal nutrition increasing the need to find alternative methods to control and prevent pathogenic bacterial colonization. The modulation of the gut microbiota with new feed additives, such as probiotics and prebiotics, towards host-protecting functions to support animal health, is a topical issue in animal breeding and creates fascinating possibilities. Although the knowledge on the effects of such feed additives has increased, essential information concerning their impact on the host are, to date, incomplete. For the future, the most important target, within probiotic and prebiotic research, is a demonstrated health-promoting benefit supported by knowledge on the mechanistic actions. Genomic-based knowledge on the composition and functions of the gut microbiota, as well as its deviations, will advance the selection of new and specific probiotics. Potential combinations of suitable probiotics and prebiotics may prove to be the next step to reduce the risk of intestinal diseases and remove specific microbial disorders. In this review we discuss the current knowledge on the contribution of the gut microbiota to host well-being. Moreover, we review available information on probiotics and prebiotics and their application in animal feeding. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            History of the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in European poultry feeds.

            J.I.R Castañón (2007)
            Use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feeds has been permitted in the member states of the European Union during the last 50 yr. However, concerns about development of antimicrobial resistance and about transference of antibiotic resistance genes from animal to human microbiota, led to withdraw approval for antibiotics as growth promoters in the European Union since January 1, 2006. This report analyzes the history of European legislation regarding the use of antibiotics in poultry feeds, since the first harmonization by Directive 70/524 until Regulation 1831/2003 deleted these substances from the European Register of additives permitted in feeds. The European support to recommendations of the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization, and the World Organization for Animal Health for a ban on antimicrobial use in animal feeds is expected to favor other countries also phase these substances out.
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              Securing poultry production from the ever-present Eimeria challenge.

              Damer P. Blake, Fiona M. Tomley (2014)
              The intestinal disease coccidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, is one of the most important livestock diseases in the world. It has a high impact in the poultry industry where parasite transmission is favoured by high-density housing of large numbers of susceptible birds. Coccidiosis control in poultry is achieved by careful husbandry combined with in-feed anticoccidial drugs or vaccination with live parasites. However, outbreaks of coccidiosis still occur and subclinical infections, which significantly impact on productivity and food security, are common due to widespread drug resistance, high parasite prevalence, and environmental persistence. Herein, we review some recent approaches for the production of cheaper third generation vaccines, based on robust methods for identification of immunoprotective antigens and the use of transgenic Eimeria. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Elizabeth Attree:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8129-3006
                eattree18@rvc.ac.uk
                Gonzalo Sanchez-Arsuaga: gsanchezarsuaga@rvc.ac.uk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): CABI Agric Biosci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): CABI Agric Biosci
                Title: Cabi Agriculture and Bioscience
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2662-4044
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 September 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 27 September 2021
                Publication date (Print): 2021
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 37
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.20931.39, ISNI 0000 0004 0425 573X, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, , The Royal Veterinary College, ; North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
                [2 ]GRID grid.20931.39, ISNI 0000 0004 0425 573X, Department of Clinical Science and Services, , The Royal Veterinary College, ; North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
                [3 ]UKRI GCRF One Health Poultry Hub, Ahmedabad, India
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8129-3006
                Article
                Publisher ID: 56
                DOI: 10.1186/s43170-021-00056-5
                PMC ID: 8475900
                PubMed ID: 34604790
                SO-VID: b0ef9bd1-a2cc-4cea-be0f-fbbdf6e6402c
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 24 May 2021
                Date accepted : 6 September 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review
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                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2021

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