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      Measuring anxiety and fear of Covid-19 among older people: psychometric properties of anxiety and fear of Covid-19 scale (AMICO) in Spain

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          Abstract

          Background

          The elderly population has proven to be a particularly vulnerable group with regard to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to study the psychometric properties of the Ansiedad y MIedo a Covid-19 scale (AMICO) on a population-based sample of elderly people.

          Methods

          A descriptive and psychometric cross-sectional study, based on questionnaires, was carried out. An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed, as well as a bivariate analysis between the different sociodemographic variables with respect to the total scale score.

          Results

          A sample of 720 adults over 65 years of age was obtained, 52.2% of whom were women. The structure of the factor of the scale showed two factors (fear and anxiety) and was confirmed with good fit parameters. The overall reliability of the scale in terms of internal consistency was α = 0.94.

          Conclusions

          The AMICO scale is a valid and reliable instrument to measure anxiety and fear of COVID-19 in the Spanish population over 65 years of age. Women and subjects with a partner showed the highest values of fear and anxiety.

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          Most cited references55

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          Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives

          Li‐tze Hu, Peter M. Bentler (1999)
          Article 0 comments Cited 10706 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Mental Health Consequences during the Initial Stage of the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain

            Clara González-Sanguino, Berta Ausín, Miguel ÁngelCastellanos … (2020)
            Highlights: • The 18.7% of the sample (N=3480) revealed depressive symptomatology, the 21.6% anxiety and the 15.8% posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. • Being in the older age group, having economic stability and receiving adequate information about the pandemic were negatively related to the symptomatology. • Female gender, previous diagnoses of mental health problems or neurological disorders, having symptoms associated with the virus, or those with a close relative infected were associated with greater symptomatology. • Spiritual well-being was a common protector for all symptomatology and the loneliness a predictor.
            Article 0 comments Cited 643 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety

              Sherman Lee (2020)
              Mental health concerns of people impacted by the coronavirus pandemic have not been adequately addressed. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the properties of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS), which is a brief mental health screener to identify probable cases of dysfunctional anxiety associated with the COVID-19 crisis. This 5-item scale, which was based on 775 adults with anxiety over the coronavirus, demonstrated solid reliability and validity. Elevated CAS scores were found to be associated with coronavirus diagnosis, impairment, alcohol/drug coping, negative religious coping, extreme hopelessness, suicidal ideation, as well as attitudes toward President Trump and Chinese products. The CAS discriminates well between persons with and without dysfunctional anxiety using an optimized cut score of ≥ 9 (90% sensitivity and 85% specificity). These results support the CAS as an efficient and valid tool for clinical research and practice.
              Article 0 comments Cited 573 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Aurora Vélez-Morón: aurora.velez@dpsi.uhu.es
                Rafael T. Andújar-Barroso: rafan@dpsi.uhu.es
                Regina Allande-Cussó: rallande@us.es
                Juan Jesús García-Iglesias: juanjesus.garcia@dstso.uhu.es
                Gregoria Aquino-Cárdenas: gregoria.aquino@dpces.uhu.es
                Juan Gómez-Salgado: salgado@uhu.es
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Public Health
                Title: BMC Public Health
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2458
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 August 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 20 August 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 22
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1589
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.18803.32, ISNI 0000 0004 1769 8134, Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment Area, Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sports Sciences, , University of Huelva, ; 21071 Huelva, Spain
                [2 ]GRID grid.9224.d, ISNI 0000 0001 2168 1229, Department of Nursing, , University of Seville, ; Spain. Avenzoar st, 6, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
                [3 ]GRID grid.18803.32, ISNI 0000 0004 1769 8134, Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, , University of Huelva, ; 21007 Huelva, Spain
                [4 ]GRID grid.18803.32, ISNI 0000 0004 1769 8134, Psychobiology Area, Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sports Sciences, , University of Huelva, ; 21071 Huelva, Spain
                [5 ]GRID grid.442156.0, ISNI 0000 0000 9557 7590, Safety and Health Postgraduate Programme, Universidad Espíritu Santo, ; Guayaquil, 092301 Ecuador
                Article
                Publisher ID: 13960
                DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13960-w
                PMC ID: 9392509
                PubMed ID: 35987563
                SO-VID: b1973c12-e1f0-49eb-aacd-ab914d4ae796
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 27 March 2022
                Date accepted : 20 July 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: anxiety,fear,covid-19,elderly people,mental health,assessment
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: anxiety, fear, covid-19, elderly people, mental health, assessment

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