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      A novel multi-functionalized multicellular nanodelivery system for non-small cell lung cancer photochemotherapy

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          Abstract

          Background

          A red blood cell membrane (RBCm)-derived drug delivery system allows prolonged circulation of an antitumor treatment and overcomes the issue of accelerated blood clearance induced by PEGylation. However, RBCm-derived drug delivery systems are limited by low drug-loading capacities and the lack of tumor-targeting ability. Thus, new designs of RBCm-based delivery systems are needed.

          Results

          Herein, we designed hyaluronic acid (HA)–hybridized RBCm (HA&RBCm)-coated lipid multichambered nanoparticles (HA&RBCm-LCNPs) to remedy the limitations of traditional RBCm drug delivery systems. The inner core co-assembled with phospholipid-regulated glycerol dioleate/water system in HA&RBCm-LCNPs met the required level of blood compatibility for intravenous administration. These newly designed nanocarriers had a honeycomb structure with abundant spaces that efficiently encapsulated paclitaxel and IR780 for photochemotherapy. The HA&RBCm coating allowed the nanocarriers to overcome the reticuloendothelial system barrier and enhanced the nanocarriers specificity to A549 cells with high levels of CD44. These properties enhanced the combinatorial antitumor effects of paclitaxel and IR780 associated with microtubule destruction and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

          Conclusions

          The multifunctional HA&RBCm-LCNPs we designed expanded the functionality of RBCm and resulted in a vehicle for safe and efficient antitumor treatment.

          Graphical abstract

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00977-3.

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          Most cited references80

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          Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

          This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.
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            Erythrocyte membrane-camouflaged polymeric nanoparticles as a biomimetic delivery platform.

            Efforts to extend nanoparticle residence time in vivo have inspired many strategies in particle surface modifications to bypass macrophage uptake and systemic clearance. Here we report a top-down biomimetic approach in particle functionalization by coating biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles with natural erythrocyte membranes, including both membrane lipids and associated membrane proteins for long-circulating cargo delivery. The structure, size and surface zeta potential, and protein contents of the erythrocyte membrane-coated nanoparticles were verified using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and gel electrophoresis, respectively. Mice injections with fluorophore-loaded nanoparticles revealed superior circulation half-life by the erythrocyte-mimicking nanoparticles as compared to control particles coated with the state-of-the-art synthetic stealth materials. Biodistribution study revealed significant particle retention in the blood 72 h following the particle injection. The translocation of natural cellular membranes, their associated proteins, and the corresponding functionalities to the surface of synthetic particles represents a unique approach in nanoparticle functionalization.
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              Cell Membrane Coating Nanotechnology

              Nanoparticle-based therapeutic, prevention, and detection modalities have the potential to greatly impact how diseases are diagnosed and managed in the clinic. With the wide range of different nanomaterials available to nanomedicine researchers, the rational design of nanocarriers on an application-specific basis has become increasingly commonplace. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on an emerging platform: cell membrane coating nanotechnology. As one of the most fundamental units in biology, a cell carries out a wide range of functions, including its remarkable ability to interface and interact with its surrounding environment. Instead of attempting to replicate such functions via synthetic techniques, researchers are now directly leveraging naturally derived cell membranes as a means of bestowing nanoparticles with enhanced biointerfacing capabilities. This top-down technique is facile, highly generalizable, and has the potential to greatly augment the potency and safety of existing nanocarriers. Further, the introduction of a natural membrane substrate onto the surface of a nanoparticle has enabled additional applications beyond those already associated with the field of nanomedicine. Despite the relative youth of the cell membrane coating technique, there exists an impressive body of literature on the topic, which will be covered in detail in this review. Overall, there is still significant room for development, as researchers continue to refine existing workflows while finding new and exciting applications that can take advantage of this emerging technology. Cell membrane coating is an emerging nanotechnology. By cloaking nanomaterials in a layer of natural cell membrane, which can be derived from a variety of cell types, it is possible to fabricate nanoplatforms with enhanced surface functionality. This can lead to increased nanoparticle performance in complex biological environments, which can benefit applications like drug delivery, imaging, phototherapies, immunotherapies, and detoxification.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                npfeng@hotmail.com , npfeng@shutcm.edu.cn
                Journal
                J Nanobiotechnology
                J Nanobiotechnology
                Journal of Nanobiotechnology
                BioMed Central (London )
                1477-3155
                14 August 2021
                14 August 2021
                2021
                : 19
                : 245
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.412540.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2372 7462, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, ; Shanghai, 201203 China
                [2 ]GRID grid.412540.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2372 7462, Teaching Experiment Center, , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, ; Shanghai, 201203 China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5303-2941
                Article
                977
                10.1186/s12951-021-00977-3
                8364713
                34391438
                b24858f1-b2fe-40f1-9ab6-4ae451cbb2d4
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 29 April 2021
                : 27 July 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 82074031
                Award ID: 82074279
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Biotechnology
                photodynamic therapy,red blood cell,biomimetic,nanoparticles,liposomes,tumor
                Biotechnology
                photodynamic therapy, red blood cell, biomimetic, nanoparticles, liposomes, tumor

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