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      Data linkage to evaluate the long-term risk of HIV infection in individuals seeking post-exposure prophylaxis

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          Abstract

          Evidence on the long-term risk of HIV infection in individuals taking HIV post-exposure prophylaxis remains limited. In this retrospective data linkage study, we evaluate the occurrence of HIV infection in 975 individuals who sought post-exposure prophylaxis in a tertiary hospital between 2007 and 2013. Using privacy preserving probabilistic linkage, we link these 975 records with two observational databases providing data on HIV events (Zurich Primary HIV Infection study and the Swiss HIV Cohort Study). This enables us to identify 22 HIV infections and to obtain long-term follow-up data, which reveal a median of 4.1 years between consultation for post-exposure prophylaxis and HIV diagnosis. Even though men who have sex with men constitute only 35.8% of those seeking post-exposure prophylaxis, all 22 events occur in this subgroup. These findings should strongly encourage early consideration of pre-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men after a first episode of post-exposure prophylaxis.

          Abstract

          Individuals seeking post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV may represent an important risk group for future HIV infection. Here the authors find HIV infections at long-term follow-up in 22 of 348 men who have sex with men, and 0 of 623 other PEP seekers.

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          The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) Statement

          Routinely collected health data, obtained for administrative and clinical purposes without specific a priori research goals, are increasingly used for research. The rapid evolution and availability of these data have revealed issues not addressed by existing reporting guidelines, such as Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely collected health Data (RECORD) statement was created to fill these gaps. RECORD was created as an extension to the STROBE statement to address reporting items specific to observational studies using routinely collected health data. RECORD consists of a checklist of 13 items related to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion section of articles, and other information required for inclusion in such research reports. This document contains the checklist and explanatory and elaboration information to enhance the use of the checklist. Examples of good reporting for each RECORD checklist item are also included herein. This document, as well as the accompanying website and message board (http://www.record-statement.org), will enhance the implementation and understanding of RECORD. Through implementation of RECORD, authors, journals editors, and peer reviewers can encourage transparency of research reporting.
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            A solution to the problem of separation in logistic regression.

            The phenomenon of separation or monotone likelihood is observed in the fitting process of a logistic model if the likelihood converges while at least one parameter estimate diverges to +/- infinity. Separation primarily occurs in small samples with several unbalanced and highly predictive risk factors. A procedure by Firth originally developed to reduce the bias of maximum likelihood estimates is shown to provide an ideal solution to separation. It produces finite parameter estimates by means of penalized maximum likelihood estimation. Corresponding Wald tests and confidence intervals are available but it is shown that penalized likelihood ratio tests and profile penalized likelihood confidence intervals are often preferable. The clear advantage of the procedure over previous options of analysis is impressively demonstrated by the statistical analysis of two cancer studies. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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              Cohort profile: the Swiss HIV Cohort study.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                frederique.lachmann@usz.ch
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                22 February 2021
                22 February 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 1219
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.412004.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0478 9977, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, , University Hospital of Zurich, ; Zurich, Switzerland
                [2 ]GRID grid.7400.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0650, Department of Public and Global Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, , University of Zurich, ; Zurich, Switzerland
                [3 ]GRID grid.7400.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0650, Institute of Medical Virology, , University of Zurich, ; Zurich, Switzerland
                [4 ]Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
                [5 ]GRID grid.413357.7, ISNI 0000 0000 8704 3732, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Hygiene, , Kantonsspital Aarau, ; Aarau, Switzerland
                [6 ]GRID grid.417053.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0514 9998, Division of Infectious Diseases, , Regional Hospital Lugano, ; Lugano, Switzerland
                [7 ]GRID grid.150338.c, ISNI 0000 0001 0721 9812, Laboratory of Virology and Division of Infectious Diseases, , Geneva University Hospital, ; Geneva, Switzerland
                [8 ]GRID grid.8515.9, ISNI 0000 0001 0423 4662, Division of Infectious Diseases, , Lausanne University Hospital, ; Lausanne, Switzerland
                [9 ]GRID grid.413349.8, ISNI 0000 0001 2294 4705, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, ; St. Gallen, Switzerland
                [10 ]GRID grid.415372.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0514 8127, Research, Teaching and Development, , Schulthess Clinic, ; Zurich, Switzerland
                [11 ]GRID grid.412004.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0478 9977, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, , University Hospital of Zurich, ; Zurich, Switzerland
                [12 ]GRID grid.414526.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0518 665X, Department of Gastroenterology, , Stadtspital Triemli, ; Zurich, Switzerland
                [13 ]GRID grid.5734.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0726 5157, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, , University of Bern, ; Bern, Switzerland
                [14 ]Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
                [15 ]Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
                [16 ]Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
                [17 ]Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
                [18 ]Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Canton St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
                [19 ]Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
                [20 ]GRID grid.5333.6, ISNI 0000000121839049, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, ; Lausanne, Switzerland
                [21 ]GRID grid.8515.9, ISNI 0000 0001 0423 4662, Precision Medicine Unit, , Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, ; Lausanne, Switzerland
                [22 ]Positive Council, Zurich, Switzerland
                [23 ]GRID grid.6612.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0642, Department Biomedicine - Petersplatz, , University of Basel, ; Basel, Switzerland
                [24 ]Clinic for Obstetrics, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
                [25 ]GRID grid.414079.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0568 6320, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, ; St. Gallen, Switzerland
                [26 ]Cantonal Institute of Microbiology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
                [27 ]Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
                [28 ]University Children’s Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
                [29 ]GRID grid.6612.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0642, University Children’s Hospital, University of Basel, ; Basel, Switzerland
                [30 ]GRID grid.6612.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0642, Kantonsspital Baselland, , University of Basel, ; Basel, Switzerland
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4181-2948
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1142-6723
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-4109
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9724-8373
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4788-438X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9220-8348
                Article
                21485
                10.1038/s41467-021-21485-w
                7900236
                33619268
                b4031f4b-3ce4-4d4b-9a47-d22cc29c8c25
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 25 August 2020
                : 26 January 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001711, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation);
                Award ID: 177499
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
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                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Uncategorized
                probabilistic data networks,hiv infections,preventive medicine,epidemiology
                Uncategorized
                probabilistic data networks, hiv infections, preventive medicine, epidemiology

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