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      Duelo anticipado y afrontamiento al estrés en cuidadores informales de personas de la tercera edad Translated title: Early Grief and Coping with Stress in the Informal Caregiver of the Elderly

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          Abstract

          Resumen Antecedentes: el duelo anticipado es el proceso por el que pasan algunas personas antes del fallecimiento de un ser querido o de que se confirme su muerte. Ocurre cuando varias circunstancias hacen prever que tarde o temprano un ser querido, como un familiar, una pareja o un amigo, va a morir. Objetivo: el objetivo de estudio fue conocer cuáles son las estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés y factores personales del cuidado y del cuidador que benefician o ponen en riesgo el duelo anticipado en cuidadores informales de personas de la tercera edad. Método: participaron 272 cuidadores informales. Se utilizó la Escala del Duelo en el Cuidador de Meichsner et al. (2016) y la Escala Breve de Afrontamiento al Estrés (COPE 28) de Carver (1997). Resultados: los resultados evidencian que el duelo anticipado es influenciado por el afrontamiento: el dolor emocional por el afrontamiento basado en apoyo (OR = .236), afrontamiento evasión a la emoción (OR = 3.751) y estar todo el día de cuidado (OR = 3.061). La pérdida emocional es estimada por el afrontamiento focalizado en el problema (OR = .201), cuando el cuidador es un adulto mayor (OR = .303) y por el medio tiempo de cuidado (OR = 2.029). La aceptación de la pérdida es influenciada por el afrontamiento focalizado al problema (OR = .172), afrontamiento evasión a la emoción (OR = 4.409), cuidador es adulto joven (OR = 2.361) y por el cuidado durante casi todo el día (OR = .536). Además, la pérdida absoluta se asoció con el afrontamiento focalizado en el problema (r = .249) y el afrontamiento de evasión con sustancias (r = .216). Conclusiones: este estudio logra identificar factores personales y tipos de afrontamiento al estrés que favorecen o disminuyen el duelo anticipado en el cuidador primario informal. Particularmente, la probabilidad de presentar dolor emocional aumenta de acuerdo al afrontamiento basado en el apoyo o el espiritual, pero disminuye con el afrontamiento basado en la evasión emocional y la mayor convivencia con el enfermo.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background: Anticipatory grief is the process that some people go through before the death of a loved one or their death is confirmed. It occurs when several circumstances lead to the expectation that sooner or later a loved one, such as a relative, a partner or a friend, is going to die. Objective: The objective of the study was to find out what are the stress coping strategies and the personal care and caregiver factors that benefit, or put at risk, grieving in informal caregivers of the elderly. Method: 272 informal caregivers participated. The Caregiver Grief Scale by Meichsner et al. (2016) and the Brief Coping Scale to Stress (COPE28) by Carver (1997) were used. Results: The results show that anticipatory grief is influenced by coping: emotional pain due to coping based on support (OR = .236) and on avoidance of emotion (OR = 3.751), and being in care all day (OR = 3.061). Emotional loss is estimated by problem-focused coping (OR = .201), when the caregiver is an older adult (OR = .303), and by part-time caregiving (OR = 2.029). Acceptance of loss is influenced by problem-focused coping (OR = .172), emotion-avoidance coping (OR = 4.409), being a young adult caregiver (OR=2.361), and by care for almost the entire day (OR = .536). In addition, absolute loss was associated with problem-focused coping (r = .249) and substance-avoidance coping (r = .216). Conclusions: This study manages to identify personal factors and types of coping with stress that favor, or reduce, anticipatory grief in informal primary caregivers. In particular, the probability of presenting emotional pain increases according to coping based on support or spiritual, but decreases with coping based on emotional avoidance and greater coexistence with the patient.

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          You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: consider the brief COPE.

          Studies of coping in applied settings often confront the need to minimize time demands on participants. The problem of participant response burden is exacerbated further by the fact that these studies typically are designed to test multiple hypotheses with the same sample, a strategy that entails the use of many time-consuming measures. Such research would benefit from a brief measure of coping assessing several responses known to be relevant to effective and ineffective coping. This article presents such a brief form of a previously published measure called the COPE inventory (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989), which has proven to be useful in health-related research. The Brief COPE omits two scales of the full COPE, reduces others to two items per scale, and adds one scale. Psychometric properties of the Brief COPE are reported, derived from a sample of adults participating in a study of the process of recovery after Hurricane Andrew.
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            Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

            Summary Background The number of individuals living with dementia is increasing, negatively affecting families, communities, and health-care systems around the world. A successful response to these challenges requires an accurate understanding of the dementia disease burden. We aimed to present the first detailed analysis of the global prevalence, mortality, and overall burden of dementia as captured by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016, and highlight the most important messages for clinicians and neurologists. Methods GBD 2016 obtained data on dementia from vital registration systems, published scientific literature and surveys, and data from health-service encounters on deaths, excess mortality, prevalence, and incidence from 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016, through systematic review and additional data-seeking efforts. To correct for differences in cause of death coding across time and locations, we modelled mortality due to dementia using prevalence data and estimates of excess mortality derived from countries that were most likely to code deaths to dementia relative to prevalence. Data were analysed by standardised methods to estimate deaths, prevalence, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; computed as the sum of YLLs and YLDs), and the fractions of these metrics that were attributable to four risk factors that met GBD criteria for assessment (high body-mass index [BMI], high fasting plasma glucose, smoking, and a diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages). Findings In 2016, the global number of individuals who lived with dementia was 43·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 37·8–51·0), increased from 20.2 million (17·4–23·5) in 1990. This increase of 117% (95% UI 114–121) contrasted with a minor increase in age-standardised prevalence of 1·7% (1·0–2·4), from 701 cases (95% UI 602–815) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 712 cases (614–828) per 100 000 population in 2016. More women than men had dementia in 2016 (27·0 million, 95% UI 23·3–31·4, vs 16.8 million, 14.4–19.6), and dementia was the fifth leading cause of death globally, accounting for 2·4 million (95% UI 2·1–2·8) deaths. Overall, 28·8 million (95% UI 24·5–34·0) DALYs were attributed to dementia; 6·4 million (95% UI 3·4–10·5) of these could be attributed to the modifiable GBD risk factors of high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, smoking, and a high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages. Interpretation The global number of people living with dementia more than doubled from 1990 to 2016, mainly due to increases in population ageing and growth. Although differences in coding for causes of death and the heterogeneity in case-ascertainment methods constitute major challenges to the estimation of the burden of dementia, future analyses should improve on the methods for the correction of these biases. Until breakthroughs are made in prevention or curative treatment, dementia will constitute an increasing challenge to health-care systems worldwide. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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              Family caregivers of people with dementia

              Family caregivers of people with dementia, often called the invisible second patients, are critical to the quality of life of the care recipients. The effects of being a family caregiver, though sometimes positive, are generally negative, with high rates of burden and psychological morbidity as well as social isolation, physical ill-health, and financial hardship. Caregivers vulnerable to adverse effects can be identified, as can factors which ameliorate or exacerbate burden and strain. Psychosocial interventions have been demonstrated to reduce caregiver burden and depression and delay nursing home admission. Comprehensive management of the patient with dementia includes building a partnership between health professionals and family caregivers, referral to Alzheimer's Associations, and psychosocial interventions where indicated.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                liber
                Liberabit
                liber.
                Universidad de San Martín de Porres. Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación, Turismo y Psicología (Lima, Lima, Peru )
                1729-4827
                July 2022
                : 28
                : 2
                : e621
                Affiliations
                [2] Bío-Bío orgnameUniversidad de Concepción Chile
                [1] orgnameUniversidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo Bolivia
                Article
                S1729-48272022000200007 S1729-4827(22)02800200007
                10.24265/liberabit.2022.v28n2.621
                b50853e6-83f1-4fd9-b5d5-a32022a0bd55

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 August 2022
                : 13 December 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 55, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Peru

                Categories
                Artículos

                coping,cuidador informal,afrontamiento,pérdida relacional,duelo anticipado,informal caregiver,relational loss,anticipatory grief

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