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      Association between Omentin-1 and Coronary Artery Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Research

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          Abstract

          Like other adipokines, omentin-1 is secreted from visceral adipose tissue and plays a vital role in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular events. Recent studies have shown that circulating omentin-1 levels are associated with various metabolic risk factors, such as high blood pressure, increased waist circumference, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance. The decrease in serum omentin level is an independent predictor of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and is associated with the severity of this disease. Since there is no relevant review in the literature, we aimed to summarize the studies on the relationship between omentin-1 and CAD.

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          Epicardial adipose tissue: anatomic, biomolecular and clinical relationships with the heart.

          Gianluca Iacobellis, Domenico Corradi, Arya M. Sharma (2005)
          A growing amount of evidence suggests that regional fat distribution plays an important part in the development of an unfavorable metabolic and cardiovascular risk profile. Epicardial fat is a metabolically active organ that generates various bioactive molecules, which might significantly affect cardiac function. This small, visceral fat depot is now recognized as a rich source of free fatty acids and a number of bioactive molecules, such as adiponectin, resistin and inflammatory cytokines, which could affect the coronary artery response. The observed increases in concentrations of inflammatory factors in patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass grafting remain to be confirmed in healthy individuals. Furthermore, epicardial adipose mass might reflect intra-abdominal visceral fat. Therefore, we propose that echocardiographic assessment of this tissue could serve as a reliable marker of visceral adiposity. Epicardial adipose tissue is also clinically related to left ventricular mass and other features of the metabolic syndrome, such as concentrations of LDL cholesterol, fasting insulin and adiponectin, and arterial blood pressure. Echocardiographic assessment of epicardial fat could be a simple and practical tool for cardiovascular risk stratification in clinical practice and research. In this paper, we briefly review the rapidly emerging evidence pointing to a specific role of epicardial adipose tissue both as a cardiac risk marker and as a potentially active player in the development of cardiac pathology.
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            Omentin plasma levels and gene expression are decreased in obesity.

            Celia de Souza Batista, Rong-Ze Yang, Mi-Jeong Lee … (2007)
            Central obesity and the accumulation of visceral fat are risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Omentin is a protein expressed and secreted from visceral but not subcutaneous adipose tissue that increases insulin sensitivity in human adipocytes. To determine the impact of obesity-dependent insulin resistance on the regulation of two omentin isoforms, gene expression and plasma levels were measured in lean, overweight, and obese subjects. Omentin 1 was shown to be the major circulating isoform in human plasma. Lean subjects had significantly higher plasma omentin 1 levels than obese and overweight subjects. In addition, higher plasma omentin 1 levels were detected in women compared with men. Plasma omentin 1 levels were inversely correlated with BMI, waist circumference, leptin levels, and insulin resistance as measured by homeostasis model assessment and positively correlated with adiponectin and HDL levels. Both omentin 1 and omentin 2 gene expression were decreased with obesity and were highly correlated with each other in visceral adipose tissue. In summary, decreased omentin levels are associated with increasing obesity and insulin resistance. Therefore, omentin levels may be predictive of the metabolic consequences or co-morbidities associated with obesity.
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              Identification of omentin as a novel depot-specific adipokine in human adipose tissue: possible role in modulating insulin action.

              Rong-Ze Yang, Mi-Jeong Lee, Hong Hu … (2006)
              Central (visceral) obesity is more closely associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease than is peripheral [subcutaneous (sc)] obesity, but the underlying mechanism for this pathophysiological difference is largely unknown. To understand the molecular basis of this difference, we sequenced 10,437 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a human omental fat cDNA library and discovered a novel visceral fat depot-specific secretory protein, which we have named omentin. Omentin ESTs were more abundant than many known adipose genes, such as perilipin, adiponectin, and leptin in the cDNA library. Protein sequence analysis indicated that omentin mRNA encodes a peptide of 313 amino acids, containing a secretory signal sequence and a fibrinogen-related domain. Northern analysis demonstrated that omentin mRNA was predominantly expressed in visceral adipose tissue and was barely detectable in sc fat depots in humans and rhesus monkeys. Quantative real-time PCR showed that omentin mRNA was expressed in stromal vascular cells, but not fat cells, isolated from omental adipose tissue, with >150-fold less in sc cell fractions. Accordingly, omentin protein was secreted into the culture medium of omental, but not sc, fat explants. Omentin was detectable in human serum by Western blot analysis. Addition of recombinant omentin in vitro did not affect basal but enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in both sc (47%, n = 9, P = 0.003) and omental (approximately 30%, n = 3, P < 0.05) human adipocytes. Omentin increased Akt phosphorylation in the absence and presence of insulin. In conclusion, omentin is a new adipokine that is expressed in omental adipose tissue in humans and may regulate insulin action.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Cardiol Rev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Curr Cardiol Rev
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CCR
                Title: Current Cardiology Reviews
                Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1573-403X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1875-6557
                Publication date (Electronic): August 2020
                Publication date (Print): August 2020
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 198-201
                Affiliations
                Department of Cardiology, Adiyaman Education and Research Hospital , Adiyaman, , Turkey; Department of Cardiology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medicine of Faculty, Rize, Turkey
                Author notes
                [* ]Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Cardiology, Adiyaman Education and Research Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey; E-mail: lutfuaskin23@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: CCR-16-198
                DOI: 10.2174/1573403X16666200511085304
                PMC ID: 7536812
                PubMed ID: 32392116
                SO-VID: b5f8d805-1633-4cb6-89ec-46e5c61e497b
                Copyright © © 2020 Bentham Science Publishers
                License:

                This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International Public License (CC BY-NC 4.0) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode), which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 30 November 2019
                Date revision received : 04 April 2020
                Date accepted : 14 April 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine
                Keywords: acute coronary syndrome,coronary artery disease,omentin-1,vascular smooth muscle cell,adipokines,adipose tissues
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine
                Keywords: acute coronary syndrome, coronary artery disease, omentin-1, vascular smooth muscle cell, adipokines,adipose tissues

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