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      Viral Manipulation of the Host Epigenome as a Driver of Virus-Induced Oncogenesis

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          Abstract

          Tumorigenesis due to viral infection accounts for a high fraction of the total global cancer burden (15–20%) of all human cancers. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which viral infection leads to tumor development is extremely important. One of the main mechanisms by which viruses induce host cell proliferation programs is through controlling the host’s epigenetic machinery. In this review, we dissect the epigenetic pathways through which oncogenic viruses can integrate their genome into host cell chromosomes and lead to tumor progression. In addition, we highlight the potential use of drugs based on histone modifiers in reducing the global impact of cancer development due to viral infection.

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          Cancer statistics, 2019

          Rebecca Siegel, Kimberly D Miller, Ahmedin Jemal (2019)
          Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data, available through 2015, were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data, available through 2016, were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2019, 1,762,450 new cancer cases and 606,880 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Over the past decade of data, the cancer incidence rate (2006-2015) was stable in women and declined by approximately 2% per year in men, whereas the cancer death rate (2007-2016) declined annually by 1.4% and 1.8%, respectively. The overall cancer death rate dropped continuously from 1991 to 2016 by a total of 27%, translating into approximately 2,629,200 fewer cancer deaths than would have been expected if death rates had remained at their peak. Although the racial gap in cancer mortality is slowly narrowing, socioeconomic inequalities are widening, with the most notable gaps for the most preventable cancers. For example, compared with the most affluent counties, mortality rates in the poorest counties were 2-fold higher for cervical cancer and 40% higher for male lung and liver cancers during 2012-2016. Some states are home to both the wealthiest and the poorest counties, suggesting the opportunity for more equitable dissemination of effective cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment strategies. A broader application of existing cancer control knowledge with an emphasis on disadvantaged groups would undoubtedly accelerate progress against cancer.
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            STATs in cancer inflammation and immunity: a leading role for STAT3.

            Hua Yu, Drew M Pardoll, Richard Jove (2009)
            Commensurate with their roles in regulating cytokine-dependent inflammation and immunity, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are central in determining whether immune responses in the tumour microenvironment promote or inhibit cancer. Persistently activated STAT3 and, to some extent, STAT5 increase tumour cell proliferation, survival and invasion while suppressing anti-tumour immunity. The persistent activation of STAT3 also mediates tumour-promoting inflammation. STAT3 has this dual role in tumour inflammation and immunity by promoting pro-oncogenic inflammatory pathways, including nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)-GP130-Janus kinase (JAK) pathways, and by opposing STAT1- and NF-kappaB-mediated T helper 1 anti-tumour immune responses. Consequently, STAT3 is a promising target to redirect inflammation for cancer therapy.
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              Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis

              Catherine de Martel, Damien Georges, Freddie Bray … (2019)
              Infectious pathogens are strong and modifiable causes of cancer. The aim of this study was to improve estimates of the global and regional burden of infection-attributable cancers to inform research priorities and facilitate prevention efforts.
              Article 0 comments Cited 536 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Erle S. Robertson: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Microorganisms
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Microorganisms
                Journal ID (publisher-id): microorganisms
                Title: Microorganisms
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-2607
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 May 2021
                Publication date Collection: June 2021
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1179
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
                [2 ]Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; arturo.orlacchio@ 123456osumc.edu
                [3 ]Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
                [4 ]Department of Pharmacy and Center for Advanced Studies (CAST), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6044-4258
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8636-2517
                Article
                Publisher ID: microorganisms-09-01179
                DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061179
                PMC ID: 8227491
                PubMed ID: 34070716
                SO-VID: b608a5ce-71fb-40ee-a231-5677ea71e3db
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 28 April 2021
                Date accepted : 26 May 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: oncogenic viruses,epigenetic,hpv,hbv,hcv,mcpyv,kshv,htlv-1,ebv,hcmv
                Data availability:
                Keywords: oncogenic viruses, epigenetic, hpv, hbv, hcv, mcpyv, kshv, htlv-1, ebv, hcmv

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