Hantavirus: Su distribución geográfica entre los roedores silvestres de Chile

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Abstract

El primer caso de síndrome pulmonar por hantavirus (SPH) registrado en Chile determinó la necesidad de desarrollar investigaciones en las poblaciones de roedores tendientes a identificar el reservorio de hantavirus en Chile, su distribución y hábitat, así como la distribución del hantavirus dentro de las poblaciones del reservorio. Entre 1996 y 1999 se desarrollaron estudios de reservorios desde la Región Metropolitana a la Región de Aysén. El aislamiento del virus variedad Andes, a partir del Oligorizomys longicaudatus, permite afirmar que, al igual que en la zona sur de Argentina, éste es el reservorio de hantavirus en Chile. La especie Abrothrix longipilis también resulto positiva al aislamiento viral, por lo que estudios posteriores deberán determinar si éste es otro reservorio del virus en el país. Otras tres especies de roedores silvestres resultaron seropositivas al virus lo que se explicaría como una infección transitoria a partir del reservorio. Se pudo constatar la presencia del reservorio en todas las regiones muestreadas, aunque las densidades poblacionales de esta especie son mayores en la zona sur. Existe circulación de hantavirus en toda el área de distribución del reservorio

Translated abstract

Since the first case of SPH was detected in 1995, wild rodent have been under surveillance in order to identify the hantavirus reservoir, its geographic distribution and its main habitat. During 1998 and 1999 seroprevalence studies were carried out in diverse sites, specially in rural areas, from the Metropolitan to Aysen regions. Oligoryzomys longicaudatus has been identified as the reservoir of Andes virus capable to infect either human beings or other rodent that coexist with in the same habitat. The putative reservoir showed a wide geographic distribution in the studied area but its highest population density was found in the southern region. Other four species of wild rodent were found seropositive to hantavirus in the study. That situation can be explained because the ability of the putative reservoir to infect coexistent rodents of the ensemble. Nevertheless, Abrothrix longipilis was found carrier of hantavirus by PCR technique and further investigations are necessary to clarify its role in the transmission chain of hantavirus

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Patterns of association with host and habitat: antibody reactive with Sin Nombre virus in small mammals in the major biotic communities of the southwestern United States.

Timothy Nichols, T. Ksiazek, Gary Nichol … (1997)

The distribution and prevalence of antibody reactive with Sin Nombre virus were determined in mammals in biotic communities of the southwestern United States. Small mammals (n = 3,069) of 69 species were trapped in nine communities from lower Sonoran desert to alpine tundra. Antibody was found in rodents from all communities (overall prevalence = 6.3%); prevalence was lowest at the altitudinal and climatic extremes (0.4% in desert and 2.0% in alpine tundra). Antibody occurred in 11% of 928 deer mice, 20% of 355 brush mice, 23% of 35 western harvest mice, and 12% of 24 Mexican voles. No infected deer mice were found in desert habitat; prevalence varied from 4% in chaparral to 17% in pinyon-juniper. Brush mice were frequently infected in chaparral and montane forest (25%). Seropositivity was higher in males and in heavier animals, suggesting horizontal transmission among adult males. Decreasing prevalence with age among the youngest deer mice suggests that infected dams confer passive immunity to pups.

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R Wells, Scott Young, R. J. R. Williams … (1997)

In 1996, investigation of a hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) outbreak in southern Argentina found evidence of person-to-person transmission of a hantavirus. The infection control ramifications of this finding led to this review of hantavirus epidemiology in the United States; the review suggests that Sin Nombre virus infection is rarely, if ever, transmitted from person to person and that existing guidelines for prevention of HPS remain appropriate for North America.