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      A history of robots: from science fiction to surgical robotics

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          Abstract

          Surgical robotics is an evolving field with great advances having been made over the last decade. The origin of robotics was in the science-fiction literature and from there industrial applications, and more recently commercially available, surgical robotic devices have been realized. In this review, we examine the field of robotics from its roots in literature to its development for clinical surgical use. Surgical mills and telerobotic devices are discussed, as are potential future developments.

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          Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for base of tongue neoplasms.

          Erica G. Weinstein, N. G. Hockstein, Bert O'Malley … (2006)
          To develop a minimally invasive surgical technique for the treatment of base of tongue neoplasms using the optical and technical advantages of robotic surgical instrumentation. Ten experimental procedures including tongue base exposure and dissections were performed on three cadavers and two mongrel dogs. Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) was then performed on three human patients with tongue base cancers in a prospective human trial. Using the da Vinci Surgical Robot (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA), we performed a total of 10 base of tongue resections on edentulous and dentate cadavers as well as live mongrel dogs. In the cadaver models, exposure was evaluated using three different retractors, the Dingman, Crowe Davis, and FK retractors. The three human patients underwent TORS surgery of their tongue base cancers under an institutional review board approved prospective clinical trial. The ability to identify and preserve or resect key anatomic structures such as the glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal, and lingual nerves as well as techniques for identifying the lingual artery and achieving hemostasis were developed. The da Vinci Surgical Robot provided excellent visualization and enabled removal of the posterior one third to one half of the oral tongue in cadavers, dogs, and human patients. Among the three retractors evaluated, the FK retractor offered the greatest versatility and overall exposure for robotic instrument maneuverability. Complete resection to negative surgical margins with excellent hemostasis and no complications was achieved in the live patient surgeries. TORS provided excellent three-dimensional visualization and instrument access that allowed successful surgical resections from cadaver models to human patients. TORS is a novel and minimally invasive approach to tongue neoplasms that has significant advantages over classic open surgery or endoscopic transoral laser surgery.
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            Hands-on robotic unicompartmental knee replacement: a prospective, randomised controlled study of the acrobot system.

            J. Cobb, J. Henckel, P. Gomes … (2006)
            We performed a prospective, randomised controlled trial of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty comparing the performance of the Acrobot system with conventional surgery. A total of 27 patients (28 knees) awaiting unicompartmental knee arthroplasty were randomly allocated to have the operation performed conventionally or with the assistance of the Acrobot. The primary outcome measurement was the angle of tibiofemoral alignment in the coronal plane, measured by CT. Other secondary parameters were evaluated and are reported. All of the Acrobot group had tibiofemoral alignment in the coronal plane within 2 degrees of the planned position, while only 40% of the conventional group achieved this level of accuracy. While the operations took longer, no adverse effects were noted, and there was a trend towards improvement in performance with increasing accuracy based on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index and American Knee Society scores at six weeks and three months. The Acrobot device allows the surgeon to reproduce a pre-operative plan more reliably than is possible using conventional techniques which may have clinical advantages.
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              Vattikuti Institute prostatectomy, a technique of robotic radical prostatectomy for management of localized carcinoma of the prostate: experience of over 1100 cases.

              Mani Menon, James Peabody, A. K. Hemal … (2004)
              Advances in surgical techniques, technology, and surgeons' skills have allowed robot-assisted radical prostatectomy to be an option in the management of organ-confined prostate cancer. The goals of the VIP technique are to cure cancer, preserve urinary continence, preserve potency, and decrease morbidity, along with the benefits of a minimally invasive surgery and excellent cosmesis. VIP is nearly equal to traditional retro-pubic prostatectomy, with certain outstanding advantages.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                N. G. Hockstein: +1-302-9980300 , +1-302-9985111 , neilhockstein@verizon.net
                C. G. Gourin: cgourin@mcg.edu
                R. A. Faust: faustr@chi.osu.edu
                D. J. Terris: dterris@mcg.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Robot Surg
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Robot Surg
                Title: Journal of Robotic Surgery
                Publisher: Springer-Verlag (London )
                ISSN (Print): 1863-2483
                ISSN (Electronic): 1863-2491
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 March 2007
                Publication date PMC-release: 17 March 2007
                Publication date (Print): 2007
                Volume: 1
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 113-118
                Affiliations
                [ ]Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE USA
                [ ]Family Ear, Nose, and Throat Physicians, 1941 Limestone Road, Suite 210, Wilmington, DE 19808 USA
                [ ]Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA USA
                [ ]Otolaryngology, Columbus Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 21
                DOI: 10.1007/s11701-007-0021-2
                PMC ID: 4247417
                PubMed ID: 25484946
                SO-VID: b8c29009-011e-4bd1-b660-a35d802b718c
                Copyright © © Springer London 2007
                History
                Date received : 27 October 2006
                Date accepted : 15 January 2007
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer London 2007

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Surgery
                Keywords: robot,robotics,robotic surgery,minimally invasive surgery,davinci,zeus
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Surgery
                Keywords: robot, robotics, robotic surgery, minimally invasive surgery, davinci, zeus

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