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      Change of Diurnal Heart Rate Patterns During Pregnancy and Lactation in Dogs ( Canis familiaris)

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      Author(s): 1 , , 2 , 2 , 1 , 2
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica
      Publisher: BioMed Central
      Keywords: dog, pregnancy

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          Abstract

          Pregnancy and lactation involve great demands on the cardiovascular system. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the heart rate and diurnal heart rate pattern change when dogs become pregnant or lactate. Five clinically healthy female beagle dogs were mated, and delivered three to seven healthy puppies. The heart rate was investigated with 24-h ECG (Holter) once during anoestrus, at 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks of pregnancy, and at week 4 postpartum (lactation). However, at 9 weeks, the ECG could not be recorded for the fully 24 h in 4 of 5 dogs, because labour started and the dogs then appeared disturbed by the recordings. The results at this date are not included in the statistical comparison. The heart rate increased progressively during pregnancy and was still elevated at 4 weeks of lactation. During late pregnancy the difference in heart rates between daytime and nighttime became smaller, but the heart rate was significantly higher in daytime in all periods. In conclusion, the increased heart rates during pregnancy and lactation reflect increased demands on the cardiovascular system and may be important to consider in clinical practice.

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          Association between results of ambulatory electrocardiography and development of cardiomyopathy during long-term follow-up of Doberman pinschers.

          Chris Jacobs, Stephen Rathbun, C W Pickus … (2000)
          To characterize ambulatory electrocardiographic results of overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers and determine associations between those results and development of dilated cardiomyopathy. Cohort study. 114 (58 male, 56 female) overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers without echocardiographic evidence of cardiac disease on initial examination. Echocardiograms and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms (Holter recordings) were obtained initially and at variable intervals. The status (live vs dead) of all dogs was known at least 2 years and as long as 10 years after initial examination (mean [+/- SD] follow-up time, 4.33 +/- 1.84 years). Associations between development of dilated cardiomyopathy and number of ventricular premature contractions (VPC), age, and sex were determined. 55 dogs (48%) did not have VPC on initial Holter recordings, and only 8 dogs had > 50 VPC/24 hours. The likelihood that a dog would have VPC was associated with increasing age and being male. At least 1 VPC/24 hours, and in particular, > 50 VPC/24 hours or > or = 1 couplet or triplet of VPC/24 hours, were predictive of subsequent development of dilated cardiomyopathy. Fifty-four dogs (47%) developed dilated cardiomyopathy; 12 were still alive at the end of the study, and 42 had died. Twenty-five of these 42 dogs died after the onset of congestive heart failure (CHF), 15 died suddenly before the onset of overt CHF, and 2 died of noncardiac causes. More males developed dilated cardiomyopathy than females, and dogs that died suddenly were approximately 1 year younger than those that developed CHF. Results of high-quality Holter recordings may be used to identify overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers that are at a high risk for dilated cardiomyopathy.
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            Arrhythmia prevalence during ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring of beagles.

            Isaac B Houston, Rick Ulloa, Ludger Altrogge (1995)
            Ambulatory ECG, approximately 18 to 24 hours in duration, were obtained from 113 male and 115 female clinically normal, purpose-bred Beagles. The ECG analyzed semi-automatically (44 males, 46 females) were evaluated for heart rate, ventricular ectopic complexes (VEC), bradycardia, and sinus pause; those analyzed by visual inspection (69 males, 69 females) were evaluated for VEC, second-degree atrioventricular block, and supraventricular escape complexes. Mean heart rate was highest at times of maximal human contact (eg, feeding, cleaning) and lowest at periods of no human contact. Bradycardia was observed in 27 of 44 males (61.4%) and 18 of 46 females (39.1%). Sinus pause was identified in 33 of 44 males (75%) and 30 of 46 females (65.2%). Frequency of bradycardia and sinus pause tended to vary inversely with mean heart rate. Ventricular ectopic complexes were detected in 18.8 to 26.1% of the ECG analyzed by use of either method. Although VEC runs and bigeminy were observed, most VEC were single and occurred sporadically. Second-degree atrioventricular block was observed in 6 of 69 males (8.7%) and 14 of 69 females (20.3%); episodes often were single and occurred sporadically. Supraventricular escape complex occurred in 2 of 69 females (2.9%). Multiple types of abnormal complexes were observed in 2 of 69 males (2.9%) and 6 of 69 females (8.7%). Among clinically normal Beagles, ambulatory electrocardiography detects a higher percentage of dogs with VEC, second-degree atrioventricular block, and supraventricular ectopic complexes than does resting electrocardiography.
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              Lactation in the dog: milk composition and intake by puppies.

              O Oftedal (1984)
              The composition and intake of milk by mother-reared puppies was studied to compare protein and energy intakes of puppies with estimated requirements. Milk samples were obtained from five beagle bitches over the period of 7-37 days postpartum. Dog milk contained on average 22.7% dry matter, 9.47% fat, 7.53% protein, 3.81% sugar and 146 kcal gross energy per 100 g. Protein comprised 31% of milk energy. Nonprotein nitrogen averaged 0.054%, equivalent to 4.4% of total nitrogen. Milk intakes of puppies in the five litters were estimated from water kinetics following administration of deuterium oxide (D2O). D2O dilution indicated that body water comprised 72-73% of puppy body weight, and fractional turnover rate of body water averaged 0.15-0.17% per day in weeks 3 and 4 postpartum. Milk intakes were calculated as 160 +/- 5.4 g (mean +/- SEM) at 19 days and 175 +/- 5.3 g at 26 days, equivalent to 17.0 and 14.6% of body weight, respectively. Daily milk yields of the bitches averaged 964 g at 19 days and 1054 g at 26 days. Dry matter intakes of the puppies were equivalent to 3.9 and 3.3% of body weight at 19 and 26 days, respectively. Gross energy intakes averaged 223-224 kcal/ kg0 .75 per day, and protein intakes averaged 0.33-0.36 g per gram body weight gain at these ages. Estimates of the energy requirements of young puppies by the National Research Council appear to be too high.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Acta Vet Scand
                Title: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Print): 0044-605X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1751-0147
                Publication date (Print): 2003
                Publication date Collection: 2003
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 September 2003
                Volume: 44
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 105-110
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
                [2 ]Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1751-0147-44-105
                DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-44-105
                PMC ID: 2203301
                PubMed ID: 15074623
                SO-VID: ba1a5c15-8243-485a-8576-7e9ce16a36fc
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: dog,pregnancy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: dog, pregnancy

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