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      The use of halloysite clay and carboxyl-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes for recombinant LipL32 antigen delivery enhanced the IgG response

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          Abstract

          We studied the feasibility of using halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) and carboxyl-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs) as antigen carriers to improve immune responses against a recombinant LipL32 protein (rLipL32). Immunisation using the HNTs or COOH-MWCNTs significantly increased the rLipL32-specific IgG antibody titres (p < 0.05) of Golden Syrian hamsters. None of the vaccines tested conferred protection against a challenge using a virulent Leptospira interrogans strain. These results demonstrated that nanotubes can be used as antigen carriers for delivery in hosts and the induction of a humoral immune response against purified leptospiral antigens used in subunit vaccine preparations.

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          Leptospira and leptospirosis.

          Ben Adler, Alejandro de la Peña Moctezuma (2010)
          Leptospirosis is the most wide spread zoonosis worldwide; it is present in all continents except Antarctica and evidence for the carriage of Leptospira has been found in virtually all mammalian species examined. Humans most commonly become infected through occupational, recreational, or domestic contact with the urine of carrier animals, either directly or via contaminated water or soil. Leptospires are thin, helical bacteria classified into at least 12 pathogenic and 4 saprophytic species, with more than 250 pathogenic serovars. Immunity following infection is generally, but not exclusively, mediated by antibody against leptospiral LPS and restricted to antigenically related serovars. Vaccines currently available consist of killed whole cell bacterins which are used widely in animals, but less so in humans. Current work with recombinant protein antigens shows promise for the development of vaccines based on defined protective antigens. The cellular and molecular basis for virulence remains poorly understood, but comparative genomics of pathogenic and saprophytic species suggests that Leptospira expresses unique virulence determinants. However, the recent development of defined mutagenesis systems for Leptospira heralds the potential for gaining a much improved understanding of pathogenesis in leptospirosis. Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance.

            Michael Matthias, J. Nally, Fiona A Lovett … (2003)
            In the past decade, leptospirosis has emerged as a globally important infectious disease. It occurs in urban environments of industrialised and developing countries, as well as in rural regions worldwide. Mortality remains significant, related both to delays in diagnosis due to lack of infrastructure and adequate clinical suspicion, and to other poorly understood reasons that may include inherent pathogenicity of some leptospiral strains or genetically determined host immunopathological responses. Pulmonary haemorrhage is recognised increasingly as a major, often lethal, manifestation of leptospirosis, the pathogenesis of which remains unclear. The completion of the genome sequence of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai, and other continuing leptospiral genome sequencing projects, promise to guide future work on the disease. Mainstays of treatment are still tetracyclines and beta-lactam/cephalosporins. No vaccine is available. Prevention is largely dependent on sanitation measures that may be difficult to implement, especially in developing countries.
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              Carbon nanotubes as multifunctional biological transporters and near-infrared agents for selective cancer cell destruction.

              Nadine Wong Shi Kam, Michael O'Connell, Jeffrey A. Wisdom … (2005)
              Biological systems are known to be highly transparent to 700- to 1,100-nm near-infrared (NIR) light. It is shown here that the strong optical absorbance of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in this special spectral window, an intrinsic property of SWNTs, can be used for optical stimulation of nanotubes inside living cells to afford multifunctional nanotube biological transporters. For oligonucleotides transported inside living cells by nanotubes, the oligos can translocate into cell nucleus upon endosomal rupture triggered by NIR laser pulses. Continuous NIR radiation can cause cell death because of excessive local heating of SWNT in vitro. Selective cancer cell destruction can be achieved by functionalization of SWNT with a folate moiety, selective internalization of SWNTs inside cells labeled with folate receptor tumor markers, and NIR-triggered cell death, without harming receptor-free normal cells. Thus, the transporting capabilities of carbon nanotubes combined with suitable functionalization chemistry and their intrinsic optical properties can lead to new classes of novel nanomaterials for drug delivery and cancer therapy.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz
                Title: Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
                Publisher: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde
                ISSN (Print): 0074-0276
                ISSN (Electronic): 1678-8060
                Publication date (Print and electronic): February 2015
                Publication date (Print): February 2015
                Volume: 110
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 134-137
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico
                [2 ]Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
                [3 ]Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
                Author notes
                + Corresponding author: daianehartwig@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140276
                PMC ID: 4371227
                PubMed ID: 25742273
                SO-VID: bb443c73-8ca8-4e58-b6ab-ad3b76c6cdf6
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 01 August 2014
                Date accepted : 08 December 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 1, References: 31, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Subject: Short Communication

                Keywords: leptospira interrogans,nanotubes,lipl32
                Data availability:
                Keywords: leptospira interrogans, nanotubes, lipl32

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