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      Vulnerabilidades de trabalhadores rurais frente ao uso de agrotóxicos na produção de hortaliças em região do Nordeste do Brasil Translated title: Farm workers' vulnerability due to the pesticide use on vegetable plantations in the Northeastern region of Brazil

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          Abstract

          Atualmente, o Brasil representa o maior mercado consumidor de agrotóxicos do mundo. Entretanto, ainda são escassos estudos acerca dos fatores de risco associados ao uso de agrotóxicos no nordeste brasileiro. O Município de Conceição do Jacuípe, localizado no Estado da Bahia, apresenta uma grande produção de hortaliças, a qual emprega agrotóxicos em larga escala. Este estudo objetivou identificar características sociodemográficas, de saúde e de uso de agrotóxicos entre trabalhadores envolvidos no plantio de hortaliças. Realizou-se um estudo seccional através da aplicação de questionários semiestruturados a 29 trabalhadores rurais, entre dezembro 2007 e agosto 2008. A maioria deles (75,8%) tinha o Ensino Fundamental incompleto ou era analfabeto. Treze (44,8%) entrevistados referiram alguma queixa de saúde durante a aplicação de agrotóxicos, mas nenhum deles procurou assistência médica. Apenas 17,2% dos agricultores disseram usar equipamento de proteção individual (EPI) e 28% relataram não usar qualquer tipo de proteção durante a aplicação dos agrotóxicos. Dentre os 13 agrotóxicos citados, sete não são permitidos para uso em hortaliças. Os resultados indicam o uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos em um contexto de vulnerabilidades sociais e institucionais que comprometem a saúde ambiental e do trabalhador, apontando para a necessidade de ações que levem à promoção e à proteção da saúde do trabalhador rural, bem como de prevenção nas situações de risco ambiental.

          Translated abstract

          Currently Brazil is the largest consumer market for pesticides in the world. However, there are still few studies on the risk factors associated to pesticide use in the Northeast of Brazil. The municipality of Conceição do Jacuípe, located in the State of Bahia, Brazil, features a large production of vegetables, which uses pesticides on a large-scale. This study purpose was to identify sociodemographic, health, and pesticide use characteristics among workers involved in planting vegetables. We conducted a sectional study using semi-structured questionnaires answered by 29 rural workers, between December 2007 and August 2008. Most of them (75.8%) had not completed elementary school or were illiterate. Thirteen (44.8%) of them reported health problems while using pesticides, but none of them sought medical attention. Only five (17.2%) of the farmers reported using personal protective equipment and eight (28%) reported not using any protection while applying pesticides. Among the thirteen mentioned pesticides, seven were prohibited for vegetables . The results indicate the indiscriminate use of pesticides in a context of social and institutional vulnerabilities. This affects both environmental and worker's health, and points at the need for interventions in order to promote and protect rural workers' health, as well as to prevent situations of environmental risk.

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          Most cited references34

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          Genotoxicity of pesticides: a review of human biomonitoring studies.

          Pesticides constitute a heterogeneous category of chemicals specifically designed for the control of pests, weeds or plant diseases. Pesticides have been considered potential chemical mutagens: experimental data revealed that various agrochemical ingredients possess mutagenic properties inducing mutations, chromosomal alterations or DNA damage. Biological monitoring provides a useful tool to estimate the genetic risk deriving from an integrated exposure to a complex mixture of chemicals. Studies available in scientific literature have essentially focused on cytogenetic end-points to evaluate the potential genotoxicity of pesticides in occupationally exposed populations, including pesticide manufacturing workers, pesticide applicators, floriculturists and farm workers. A positive association between occupational exposure to complex pesticide mixtures and the presence of chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) and micronuclei (MN) has been detected in the majority of the studies, although a number of these failed to detect cytogenetic damage. Conflicting results from cytogenetic studies reflect the heterogeneity of the groups studied with regard to chemicals used and exposure conditions. Genetic damage associated with pesticides occurs in human populations subject to high exposure levels due to intensive use, misuse or failure of control measures. The majority of studies on cytogenetic biomarkers in pesticide-exposed workers have indicated some dose-dependent effects, with increasing duration or intensity of exposure. Chromosomal damage induced by pesticides appears to have been transient in acute or discontinuous exposure, but cumulative in continuous exposure to complex agrochemical mixtures. Data available at present on the effect of genetic polymorphism on susceptibility to pesticides does not allow any conclusion.
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            Avaliação integrada do impacto do uso de agrotóxicos sobre a saúde humana em uma comunidade agrícola de Nova Friburgo, RJ

            O impacto do uso de agrotóxicos sobre a saúde humana é um problema que tem merecido atenção da comunidade científica em todo o mundo, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento. O consumo de agrotóxicos na região sudeste do Brasil está estimado em 12kg de agrotóxico/trabalhador/ano. Em algumas áreas agrícolas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, como na região da Microbacia do Córrego de São Lourenço, Nova Friburgo, o consumo de agrotóxico foi estimado em 56kg de agrotóxico/trabalhador/ano. Elevados níveis de contaminação humana e ambiental foram encontrados nesta região, como decorrência do uso extensivo destes agentes químicos. A avaliação do impacto sobre a saúde humana implica o conhecimento e a visualização da importância/magnitude relativa de cada uma das vias de contaminação. Inúmeros fatores, que, em geral, encontram-se inter-relacionados, contribuem para a situação encontrada na Microbacia do Córrego de São Lourenço e a forma mais adequada de se avaliar toda a dimensão deste problema é o uso de uma abordagem integrada.
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              Acute pesticide poisoning: a proposed classification tool.

              Cases of acute pesticide poisoning (APP) account for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Developing countries are particularly susceptible due to poorer regulation, lack of surveillance systems, less enforcement, lack of training and inadequate access to information systems. Previous research has demonstrated wide variability in incidence rates for APP. This is possibly due to inconsistent reporting methodology and exclusion of occupational and non-intentional poisonings. The purpose of this document is to create a standard case definition to facilitate the identification and diagnosis of all causes of APP, especially at the field level, rural clinics and primary health-care systems. This document is a synthesis of existing literature and case definitions that have been previously proposed by other authors around the world. It provides a standardized case definition and classification scheme for APP into categories of probable, possible and unlikely/unknown cases. Its use is intended to be applicable worldwide to contribute to identification of the scope of existing problems and thus promote action for improved management and prevention. By enabling a field diagnosis for APP, this standardized case definition may facilitate immediate medical management of pesticide poisoning and aid in estimating its incidence.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbso
                Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional
                Rev. bras. saúde ocup.
                Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho - FUNDACENTRO (São Paulo )
                2317-6369
                June 2012
                : 37
                : 125
                : 89-98
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal da Bahia Brazil
                [2 ] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brazil
                Article
                S0303-76572012000100012
                10.1590/S0303-76572012000100012
                bb8168ad-de70-4623-95d2-c2e77804c76d

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0303-7657&lng=en
                Categories
                PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

                Public health
                pesticides,vegetables,social vulnerability,occupacional health,Brazilian Northeast,agrotóxicos,hortaliças,vulnerabilidade social,saúde do trabalhador,nordeste brasileiro

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