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      T-cell-lymphoma presented as a solitary subcutaneous mass in the ventral cervical region of an adult llama- diagnostic and treatment

      case-report

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          Abstract

          Background

          Neoplasm in South American camelids (SAC) are commonly described. The most frequently reported type of neoplasm are lymphomas and difference in the age suffering from lymphomas of and llamas is seen.

          This report describes a case of a solitary lymphoma in a 5 years and 9 month old llama mare displaying the approach of diagnostic imaging and successful surgical treatment.

          Case presentation

          The llama was referred to the clinic for dyspnoea and inspiratory abnormal respiratory sounds. The clinical examination comprised blood cell count, ultrasonographic and radiographic examinations, endoscopy and fine needle aspiration cytology of a mass detected in the mid cervical region. The mass was surgically removed. Histopathological examination of the surgically removed mass diagnosed a malignant T-cell- lymphoma. According to the results of the clinical, ultrasonographic and radiographic examinations no tumor invasion was apparent in distant organs and the llama was discharged from the clinic seven days after surgery.

          Conclusion

          Lymphoma has been reported to be the most common neoplasia in camelids and are more often described in young alpacas and in adult llamas. To the author´s knowledge the case presented here is the first that described a broad panel of diagnostic tools including ultrasound, radiographs, endoscopy, fine needle aspiration cytology and histopathoogical examination as well as a successful surgical treatment of a solitary lymphoma in camelids.

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          Most cited references20

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          Prevalence of neoplasia in llamas and alpacas (Oregon State University, 2001-2006).

          Marcus Valentine, Lucile Martin (2007)
          Prevalence and type of neoplastic disease were determined in 551 camelid submissions (368 alpacas [Lama pacos], 180 llamas [Lama glama], and 3 cases in which species was not identified) over a 5-year period. Forty neoplasms were identified in 38 animals (6.9%). Prevalence of neoplasia in llamas was higher (11%) than in alpacas (4.9%). Mean age of camelids with neoplasia was 9.42 +/- 4.9 years. Mean age of alpacas with neoplasia (5.48 +/- 3.7 years) was significantly less than of llamas with neoplasia (12.53 +/- 3.2 years; P < 0.001). Cutaneous and mucocutaneous fibroma/fibropapilloma was most common (10 animals), followed by cutaneous and mucocutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (6 animals), disseminated lymphoma (5 animals), and fibrosarcoma (4 animals). Four of 5 animals with lymphoma were alpacas, aged 0.21 to 4 years. Lymphoma occurred in 1 aged llama (15 years). Disseminated carcinoma and adenocarcinoma occurred in 4 llamas and 2 alpacas, and included biliary (2), gastrointestinal (2), mammary gland (1), and unknown (1) origin. Mean age of camelids with any type of carcinoma or adenocarcinoma (12.36 +/- 2.8 years) was significantly greater than that of camelids with lymphoma (4.24 +/- 6.2 years; P = 0.02). Results indicate that neoplasia is relatively common in camelids and that there are differences between llamas and alpacas as regards prevalence of neoplasia, tumor types, and age at diagnosis.
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            Lymphosarcoma in 10 New World Camelids.

            C K Cebra, F Garry, B E Powers … (1995)
            We evaluated the medical information from 10 New World Camelids with lymphosarcoma. Additionally, tumor tissue from 5 animals was examined by electron microscopy for evidence of retroviral particles. Lymphosarcoma was the most common neoplasm of New World Camelids in our hospital. Both llamas and alpacas, from 4 months to 15 years of age, were affected. Emaciation (7 of 8) and palpable masses (9 of 10) were the most common physical examination abnormalities, and a left-shifted leukogram (7 of 7) and hypoalbuminemia (6 of 7) were the most characteristic clinicopathologic findings. Lymphosarcoma was diagnosed by lymph node aspirate (n = 2), biopsy (n = 2), peritoneal fluid analysis (n = 2), or necropsy (n = 4). The clinical course after recognition of the disease was usually short, with a median survival of 1 month (1 week to 3 months). Organs with neoplastic infiltrates commonly included lymph nodes (n = 8), liver (n = 8), kidneys (n = 6), and lungs (n = 5). No retroviral particles were detected ultrastructurally.
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              Malignant round cell neoplasia in llamas and alpacas.

              J. M. Martin, B Valentine, C K Cebra … (2009)
              Malignant round cell neoplasia was identified in 12 llamas and 12 alpacas aged 0-23 years. Mean age of affected alpacas (3.1 years) was significantly less than that of affected llamas (8.0 years). Tumor cell morphology varied from large and often pleomorphic (11 tumors) to small and often homogeneous (13 tumors). Neoplastic lesions were multicentric in 12 cases. Other sites were gastric (5 cases), intra-abdominal (perirenal; 4 cases), intrathoracic (2 cases), and cervical (1 case). Immunohistochemistry with antibodies to CD79alpha, BLA36, and CD3 identified B-cell lymphoma (12 cases) and T-cell lymphoma (6 cases). Six tumors did not express any lymphoid marker and were further immunostained for neuron-specific enolase (NSE), synaptophysin, S-100, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and chromogranin A. All 6 of these tumors were negative for GFAP and chromogranin A but expressed 1 or more of the neural markers NSE, synaptophysin, and S-100 and were classified as primitive malignant round cell tumors (PMRCT). Tumor types could not be distinguished on the basis of animal age, gross pathologic appearance, tumor morphology, or tumor location. All animals with lymphoma and 5 with PMRCT died or were euthanatized. One alpaca with a focal cervical PMRCT lived for at least 20 months after diagnosis. Results of this study indicate that malignant round cell tumors in llamas and alpacas are a heterogeneous group that cannot be distinguished on the basis of signalment, postmortem findings, or routine light microscopic findings. Immunohistochemistry is a valuable diagnostic procedure when evaluating malignant round cell neoplasia in llamas and alpacas.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Julia Schoiswohl:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6508-1863
                Julia.Schoiswohl@vetmeduni.ac.at
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Vet Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Vet Res
                Title: BMC Veterinary Research
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1746-6148
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 February 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 February 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 18
                Electronic Location Identifier: 62
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.6583.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9686 6466, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, , University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, ; Veterinärpl. 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
                [2 ]GRID grid.6583.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9686 6466, Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, , University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, ; Veterinärpl. 1, 1210 Wien, Austria
                [3 ]GRID grid.6583.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9686 6466, Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, , University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, ; Veterinärpl. 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
                [4 ]GRID grid.6583.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9686 6466, Diagnostic Imaging, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, , University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, ; Veterinärpl. 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6508-1863
                Article
                Publisher ID: 3158
                DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03158-y
                PMC ID: 8805260
                PubMed ID: 35105366
                SO-VID: bd4f7bce-a31d-478d-b82a-5b3e0bb5a6cd
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 3 November 2021
                Date accepted : 20 January 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna
                Open Access :

                Open Access funding for this article was provided by the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni Vienna).

                Categories
                Subject: Case Report
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: endoscopy,fine needle aspiration,lymphoma,pathohistological examination,radiographs,south american camelids,surgery,ultrasound
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: endoscopy, fine needle aspiration, lymphoma, pathohistological examination, radiographs, south american camelids, surgery, ultrasound

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