Seven fractions rich in endoglucanase activity were separated from the extracellular cellulase system of the anaerobic rumen fungus Neocallimastix frontalis. The fractions (ES1, ES3, ES2U1, ES2U2, ES2U4, ES2U3C1 and ES2U3C2) were separated from each other and from a fraction that could solubilize crystalline cellulose (the so-called crystalline-cellulose-solubilizing component, CCSC) by the sequential use of differential adsorption on the microcrystalline cellulose Avicel, gel filtration and affinity chromatography on concanavalin-A-Sepharose. The molecular masses of the endoglucanase fractions, when determined by gel filtration, were 64, 30, 61, 113, 17, 38 and 93 kDa respectively. Each enzyme degraded carboxymethylcellulose and was rich in activity to cellulose swollen in phosphoric acid to break the hydrogen bonding: cellobiose, cellotriose and cellotetraose were released in differing proportions. Each fraction showed a characteristic gradient when the capacity of each enzyme to increase the fluidity of a solution of carboxymethylcellulose was plotted against the increase in reducing power of the solution. Although neither endoglucanase fraction, acting in isolation, could degrade crystalline cellulose, three of the fractions (ES1, ES3 and ES2U1) could act synergistically with the CCSC fraction in this regard. Remarkably, the same three fractions also acted in synergism with the cellobiohydrolases (CBH I and CBH II) of the aerobic fungus Penicillium pinophilum in degrading crystalline cellulose, but only when both cellobiohydrolase enzymes were present in the solution along with any one of the three endoglucanases. These observations support the conclusion that the mechanism of action of the cellulase system of N. frontalis in degrading crystalline cellulose may be similar to that operating in the aerobic fungi.