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      Safranal acts as a neurorestorative agent in rats with cerebral ischemic stroke via upregulating SIRT1

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          Abstract

          Safranal is an active ingredient of saffron ( Crocus sativus L.). Its neuroprotective role in ischemic stroke (IS) through reducing oxidative stress damage has been widely reported. However, the neurorestorative mechanisms of safranal are still in the preliminary stage of exploration. the present study is aimed to discuss the effects of safranal on the recovery of neural function after IS. A middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat model and an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMEC) were established to explore the effects of safranal on IS in vivo and in vitro. It was found that safranal dramatically reduced infarct size and Nissl's body loss in rats subjected to MCAO/R. Safranal also promoted neuron survival, stimulated neurogenesis, induced angiogenesis and increased SIRT1 expression in vivo and in vitro. Silencing of SIRT1 reversed the above effects of safranal on OGD/R-induced RBMEC. The present study indicated that safranal was a promising compound to exert neurorestorative effect in IS via upregulating SIRT1 expression. These results offer insight into developing new mechanisms in the recovery of neural function after safranal treatment of IS.

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          Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.

          Kenneth Livak, Thomas D. Schmittgen (2001)
          The two most commonly used methods to analyze data from real-time, quantitative PCR experiments are absolute quantification and relative quantification. Absolute quantification determines the input copy number, usually by relating the PCR signal to a standard curve. Relative quantification relates the PCR signal of the target transcript in a treatment group to that of another sample such as an untreated control. The 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method is a convenient way to analyze the relative changes in gene expression from real-time quantitative PCR experiments. The purpose of this report is to present the derivation, assumptions, and applications of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. In addition, we present the derivation and applications of two variations of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method that may be useful in the analysis of real-time, quantitative PCR data. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science (USA).
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            Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

            Salim S. Virani, Alvaro Alonso, Hugo Aparicio … (2021)
            The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). The American Heart Association, through its Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update. The 2021 Statistical Update is the product of a full year’s worth of effort by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. This year’s edition includes data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, an enhanced focus on social determinants of health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, vascular contributions to brain health, the global burden of cardiovascular disease, and further evidence-based approaches to changing behaviors related to cardiovascular disease. Each of the 27 chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policy makers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.
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              Global Burden of Stroke.

              Mira Katan, Andreas Rüdiger Luft (2018)
              Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide. Its incidence is increasing because the population ages. In addition, more young people are affected by stroke in low- and middle-income countries. Ischemic stroke is more frequent but hemorrhagic stroke is responsible for more deaths and disability-adjusted life-years lost. Incidence and mortality of stroke differ between countries, geographical regions, and ethnic groups. In high-income countries mainly, improvements in prevention, acute treatment, and neurorehabilitation have led to a substantial decrease in the burden of stroke over the past 30 years. This article reviews the epidemiological and clinical data concerning stroke incidence and burden around the globe.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Exp Ther Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Exp Ther Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ETM
                Title: Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
                Publisher: D.A. Spandidos
                ISSN (Print): 1792-0981
                ISSN (Electronic): 1792-1015
                Publication date Collection: February 2024
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 December 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 19 December 2023
                Volume: 27
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 71
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325006, P.R. China
                [2 ]Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Endocrinology, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325006, P.R. China
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr Guoyong Huang or Dr Jiangshun Yang, Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Endocrinology, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, 158 Bachelor's Front Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325006, P.R. China 452479942qq.com yjswzmh@ 123456163.com

                *Contributed equally

                Abbreviations: IS, ischemic stroke; MCAO/R, middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion; OGD/R, oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation; RBMEC, rat brain microvascular endothelial cells; TTC, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride; bFGF-2, basic fibroblast growth factor 2; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; SIRT1, silent information regulator 1; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; SYN, synaptophysin; NGF, nerve growth factor; NT-4, neurotrophin-4; PSD95, postsynaptic density protein 95; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling

                Article
                Publisher ID: ETM-27-2-12358
                DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12358
                PMC ID: 10792405
                PubMed ID: 38234630
                SO-VID: be6b2af8-e786-46db-8c00-1a50f67db6d7
                Copyright © Copyright: © He et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

                History
                Date received : 19 June 2023
                Date accepted : 09 November 2023
                Funding
                Funding: The present study was supported by The Medical and Health Technology Plan Project of Zhejiang Province (grant no. 2023KY1163) and The Basic scientific research projects of Wenzhou City (grant no. Y20220230).
                Categories
                Subject: Articles

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: ischemic stroke,safranal,sirt1,neuron survival,neurogenesis,angiogenesis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: ischemic stroke, safranal, sirt1, neuron survival, neurogenesis, angiogenesis

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