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      Feigning ADHD and stimulant misuse among Dutch university students

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          Abstract

          The increasing number of university students seeking diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and findings of an increased stimulant misuse among university students, has raised concerns regarding the credibility of the symptoms of those students. However, most of our current knowledge refers to university students in North America and less is known about this issue on European campuses. The present survey aimed to collect opinions on feigning ADHD and to estimate the prevalence of stimulant misuse among 1071 university students in the Netherlands. The majority of students expressed liberal attitudes towards feigning ADHD. Also, a substantial number of respondents considered feigning ADHD themselves or know someone who feigns ADHD. Furthermore, 68% of students assumed benefits of taking stimulants without prescription and 16% have indeed already taken stimulants without prescription. Feigning ADHD and misuse of prescription medication are prevalent issues among Dutch students. The results underline the need for a careful diagnostic evaluation of individuals for ADHD. Furthermore, efforts are required in order to prevent stimulant drug trafficking and misuse among university students.

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          Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power

          Daniel M Oppenheimer, Tom K L Meyvis, Nicolas Davidenko (2009)
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            American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology Consensus Conference Statement on the Neuropsychological Assessment of Effort, Response Bias, and Malingering

            Glenn J Larrabee, Robert Heilbronner, Scott Millis … (2009)
            During the past two decades clinical and research efforts have led to increasingly sophisticated and effective methods and instruments designed to detect exaggeration or fabrication of neuropsychological dysfunction, as well as somatic and psychological symptom complaints. A vast literature based on relevant research has emerged and substantial portions of professional meetings attended by clinical neuropsychologists have addressed topics related to malingering (Sweet, King, Malina, Bergman, & Simmons, 2002). Yet, despite these extensive activities, understanding the need for methods of detecting problematic effort and response bias and addressing the presence or absence of malingering has proven challenging for practitioners. A consensus conference, comprised of national and international experts in clinical neuropsychology, was held at the 2008 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) for the purposes of refinement of critical issues in this area. This consensus statement documents the current state of knowledge and recommendations of expert clinical neuropsychologists and is intended to assist clinicians and researchers with regard to the neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering.
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              Symptom validity assessment: practice issues and medical necessity NAN policy & planning committee.

              Shane S Bush, Ronald Ruff, Alexander I. Tröster … (2005)
              Symptom exaggeration or fabrication occurs in a sizeable minority of neuropsychological examinees, with greater prevalence in forensic contexts. Adequate assessment of response validity is essential in order to maximize confidence in the results of neurocognitive and personality measures and in the diagnoses and recommendations that are based on the results. Symptom validity assessment may include specific tests, indices, and observations. The manner in which symptom validity is assessed may vary depending on context but must include a thorough examination of cultural factors. Assessment of response validity, as a component of a medically necessary evaluation, is medically necessary. When determined by the neuropsychologist to be necessary for the assessment of response validity, administration of specific symptom validity tests are also medically necessary.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Anselm B. M. Fuermaier:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2331-0840
                a.b.m.fuermaier@rug.nl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Neural Transm (Vienna)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Neural Transm (Vienna)
                Title: Journal of Neural Transmission
                Publisher: Springer Vienna (Vienna )
                ISSN (Print): 0300-9564
                ISSN (Electronic): 1435-1463
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 January 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 January 2021
                Publication date (Print): 2021
                Volume: 128
                Issue: 7
                Pages: 1079-1084
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.4830.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0407 1981, Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, , University of Groningen, ; Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
                [2 ]GRID grid.10493.3f, ISNI 0000000121858338, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, , University of Rostock, ; Rostock, Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2331-0840
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2296
                DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02296-7
                PMC ID: 8295135
                PubMed ID: 33439363
                SO-VID: bf25da10-a9de-45e0-917d-a03d2ce0d2cb
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 22 October 2020
                Date accepted : 20 December 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Psychiatry and Preclinical Psychiatric Studies - Original Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2021

                Keywords: adult adhd,university,feigning,medication,stimulant misuse
                Data availability:
                Keywords: adult adhd, university, feigning, medication, stimulant misuse

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