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      Adversidad psicosocial, psicopatología y funcionamiento en hermanos adolescentes en alto riesgo (HAR) con y sin trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) Translated title: Psicosocial adversity, psychopatology and functioning in adolescents siblings with high risk with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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          Abstract

          Introducción El trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo altamente heredable. La determinación de las características clínicas, los factores de adversidad y el nivel de funcionamiento en hermanos de probandos con TDAH, denominados en alto riesgo (HAR), podría ayudar a establecer el riesgo al cual están sometidos. Objetivo Determinar la frecuencia de TDAH y otros trastornos psiquiátricos en HAR. Como objetivos secundarios, establecer los factores de adversidad psicosocial que predicen el TDAH en HAR y determinar la magnitud del efecto sobre el funcionamiento y otros trastornos psiquiátricos cuando los hermanos tienen TDAH (HAR TDAH +) comparados con quienes no lo tienen (HAR TDAH -). Material y método Este estudio multicéntrico es descriptivo, transversal y analítico. La muestra (n=84) se conformó por hermanos adolescentes de probandos diagnosticados con TDAH que compartían a ambos padres. Resultados El 45.2% (n=38) tuvo TDAH. El 17.9% (n=15) no presentó trastorno psiquiátrico alguno. Ser HAR TDAH+ incrementó al menos cuatro veces más la probabilidad de presentar trastorno negativista desafiante (RM=4.3; IC 95% 1.3-14.8), dato que mantuvo significancia al ajustarse por sexo, edad y número de adversidades (RM=3 IC 95% 1.8-10.9). Ser HAR TDAH+ incrementó casi cinco veces la probabilidad de presentar disfunción académica (RM=4.84 IC 95% 1.41-16.63). El promedio general de adversidades fue 3.3 (DE=1.4). Encontramos psicopatología en ambos padres en el 51.2% de la muestra (ES=0.055). La disfunción familiar grave incrementó 2.5 veces la probabilidad de presentar TDAH en los HAR (IC 95% 1.06-6.25). Al comparar los grupos con tres o más adversidades psicosociales, no existieron diferencias significativas (81.6% vs. 65.2%; p=0.14). Conclusiones El estudio clínico de los HAR para TDAH es necesario debido a las distintas implicaciones que tiene a nivel de la prevención, la atención oportuna y la mejoría del pronóstico de estos sujetos.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. The determination of the clinical features, adversity factors and level of functioning in siblings of probands with ADHD, known as a high risk (ADHD R Sib), could help us to establish the risk to which they are subjected. Objective To determine the frequency of ADHD and other psychiatric disorders in R Sib. Secondary objectives were to establish the psychosocial adversity factors that predict ADHD R Sib and determine the magnitude of effect on performance and other psychiatric disorders when siblings have ADHD (R Sib+) compared to those without ADHD (R Sib-). Material and methods This multicenter study is descriptive, transversal and analytical. The sample (n=84) was formed by adolescent siblings of probands with ADHD who shared both parents. Results While 45.2% (n=38) had ADHD, 17.9% (n=15) had no psychiatric disorder. Being a R Sib+ increased at least four times the likelihood of having oppositional defiant disorder (OR=4.3, 95% CI 1.3-14.8). These data remained significant when adjusted for sex, age and number of adversities (RM 95=3, 1.8-10.9%). Being a R Sib+ increased almost five times the probability of academic dysfunction (OR=4.84, 95% CI 1.41-16.63). The overall average was 3.3 adversities (SD=1.4). Psychopathology in both parents was found in 51.2% of the sample (ES=0.055). Severe family dysfunction increased 2.5 times the probability of having ADHD in a R Sib (95% CI, 1.066.25). When comparing the groups with three or more psychosocial adversities, there were no significant differences (81.6% vs. 65.2%, p=0.14). Conclusions The clinical study of R Sib for ADHD is necessary due to the different implications in terms of prevention, early care and prognosis improvement of these patients.

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          The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A Research Note

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            The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis.

            The worldwide prevalence estimates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/hyperkinetic disorder (HD) are highly heterogeneous. Presently, the reasons for this discrepancy remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible causes of the varied worldwide estimates of the disorder and to compute its worldwide-pooled prevalence. The authors searched MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases from January 1978 to December 2005 and reviewed textbooks and reference lists of the studies selected. Authors of relevant articles from North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East and ADHD/HD experts were contacted. Surveys were included if they reported point prevalence of ADHD/HD for subjects 18 years of age or younger from the general population or schools according to DSM or ICD criteria. The literature search generated 9,105 records, and 303 full-text articles were reviewed. One hundred and two studies comprising 171,756 subjects from all world regions were included. The ADHD/HD worldwide-pooled prevalence was 5.29%. This estimate was associated with significant variability. In the multivariate metaregression model, diagnostic criteria, source of information, requirement of impairment for diagnosis, and geographic origin of the studies were significantly associated with ADHD/HD prevalence rates. Geographic location was associated with significant variability only between estimates from North America and both Africa and the Middle East. No significant differences were found between Europe and North America. Our findings suggest that geographic location plays a limited role in the reasons for the large variability of ADHD/HD prevalence estimates worldwide. Instead, this variability seems to be explained primarily by the methodological characteristics of studies.
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              Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

              Results of behavioral genetic and molecular genetic studies have converged to suggest that both genetic and nongenetic factors contribute to the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We review this literature, with a particular emphasis on molecular genetic studies. Family, twin, and adoption studies provide compelling evidence that genes play a strong role in mediating susceptibility to ADHD. This fact is most clearly seen in the 20 extant twin studies, which estimate the heritability of ADHD to be .76. Molecular genetic studies suggest that the genetic architecture of ADHD is complex. The few genome-wide scans conducted thus far are not conclusive. In contrast, the many candidate gene studies of ADHD have produced substantial evidence implicating several genes in the etiology of the disorder. For the eight genes for which the same variant has been studied in three or more case-control or family-based studies, seven show statistically significant evidence of association with ADHD on the basis of the pooled odds ratio across studies: DRD4, DRD5, DAT, DBH, 5-HTT, HTR1B, and SNAP-25.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                sm
                Salud mental
                Salud Ment
                Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (México, DF, Mexico )
                0185-3325
                December 2014
                : 37
                : 6
                : 467-476
                Affiliations
                [03] México Distrito Federal orgnameInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz orgdiv1Programa de Detección Oportuna de TDAH en el Adulto México
                [10] Puebla orgnameBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina México
                [05] Jalapa Veracruz orgnameUniversidad Veracruzana orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina México
                [02] México Distrito Federal orgnameInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz orgdiv1Clínica de la Adolescencia México
                [06] México Distrito Federal orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias México
                [11] México Distrito Federal orgnameInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz orgdiv1Dirección de Investigaciones Epidemiológicas y Psicosociales México
                [09] orgnameFundación Cultural Federico Hoth, A.C.
                [04] Tlalpan Distrito Federal orgnameHospital Psiquiátrico Infantil Dr. Juan N. Navarro orgdiv1Laboratorio de Psicofarmacología del Desarrollo México
                [01] México Distrito Federal orgnameInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz orgdiv1Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas México
                [07] México Distrito Federal orgnameInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz orgdiv1Laboratorio de Genética Psiquiátrica México
                [08] México Distrito Federal orgnameHospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez orgdiv1Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica México
                Article
                S0185-33252014000600004 S0185-3325(14)03700600004
                bf33a5b9-94c7-4555-a35f-995441fb1a87

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Artículos originales

                TDAH,adversidad psicosocial,comorbilidad,High risk siblings,adolescents,ADHD,psychosocial adversity,comorbidity,Hermanos en alto riesgo,adolescentes

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