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      Impact of admission serum calcium levels on mortality in hospitalized patients

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          Abstract

          To assess the relationship between admission serum calcium levels and in-hospital mortality in all hospitalized patients.

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          Univariate description and bivariate statistical inference: the first step delving into data.

          Zhongheng Zhang (2016)
          In observational studies, the first step is usually to explore data distribution and the baseline differences between groups. Data description includes their central tendency (e.g., mean, median, and mode) and dispersion (e.g., standard deviation, range, interquartile range). There are varieties of bivariate statistical inference methods such as Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test, for normal, skews and categorical data, respectively. The article shows how to perform these analyses with R codes. Furthermore, I believe that the automation of the whole workflow is of paramount importance in that (I) it allows for others to repeat your results; (II) you can easily find out how you performed analysis during revision; (III) it spares data input by hand and is less error-prone; and (IV) when you correct your original dataset, the final result can be automatically corrected by executing the codes. Therefore, the process of making a publication quality table incorporating all abovementioned statistics and P values is provided, allowing readers to customize these codes to their own needs.
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            Long term calcium intake and rates of all cause and cardiovascular mortality: community based prospective longitudinal cohort study

            Karl Michaëlsson, Håkan Melhus, Eva Warensjö Lemming … (2013)
            Objective To investigate the association between long term intake of dietary and supplemental calcium and death from all causes and cardiovascular disease. Design Prospective longitudinal cohort study. Setting Swedish mammography cohort, a population based cohort established in 1987-90. Participants 61 433 women (born between 1914 and 1948) followed-up for a median of 19 years. Main outcome measures Primary outcome measures, identified from registry data, were time to death from all causes (n=11 944) and cause specific cardiovascular disease (n=3862), ischaemic heart disease (n=1932), and stroke (n=1100). Diet was assessed by food frequency questionnaires at baseline and in 1997 for 38 984 women, and intakes of calcium were estimated. Total calcium intake was the sum of dietary and supplemental calcium. Results The risk patterns with dietary calcium intake were non-linear, with higher rates concentrated around the highest intakes (≥1400 mg/day). Compared with intakes between 600 and 1000 mg/day, intakes above 1400 mg/day were associated with higher death rates from all causes (hazard ratio 1.40, 95% confidence interval 1.17 to 1.67), cardiovascular disease (1 49, 1.09 to 2.02), and ischaemic heart disease (2.14, 1.48 to 3.09) but not from stroke (0.73, 0.33 to 1.65). After sensitivity analysis including marginal structural models, the higher death rate with low dietary calcium intake (<600 mg/day) or with low and high total calcium intake was no longer apparent. Use of calcium tablets (6% users; 500 mg calcium per tablet) was not on average associated with all cause or cause specific mortality but among calcium tablet users with a dietary calcium intake above 1400 mg/day the hazard ratio for all cause mortality was 2.57 (95% confidence interval 1.19 to 5.55). Conclusion High intakes of calcium in women are associated with higher death rates from all causes and cardiovascular disease but not from stroke.
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              Serum magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium are associated with risk of incident heart failure: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

              Pamela L. Lutsey, Alvaro Alonso-Garbayo, Erin Michos … (2014)
              Heart failure (HF) is a major source of morbidity and mortality, particularly among the elderly. Magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium are micronutrients traditionally viewed in relation to bone health or chronic kidney disease. However, they also may be associated with risk of cardiovascular disease through a broad range of physiologic roles.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Endocrine Research
                Abbreviated Title: Endocrine Research
                Publisher: Informa UK Limited
                ISSN (Print): 0743-5800
                ISSN (Electronic): 1532-4206
                Publication date Created: October 30 2017
                Publication date Created: April 03 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): January 30 2018
                Publication date (Print): April 03 2018
                Volume: 43
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 116-123
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
                [2 ] Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
                [3 ] Department of Internal Medicine, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, NY, USA
                [4 ] Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
                Article
                DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2018.1433200
                PubMed ID: 29381079
                SO-VID: bf6c4b32-c29a-4763-a505-85f574f8ac2e
                Copyright © © 2018
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