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      Active streets for children: The case of the Bogotá Ciclovía

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          The Ciclovía is a worldwide program in which streets are temporarily closed to motorized transport to create a space for recreation and outdoor play among children and adults. The aim of this study was to assess the associations between physical activity (PA), sedentary time (SED), body mass index and Ciclovía participation among children aged 9 to 13 years.

          Methods

          All students in the 4 th and 5 th grades from the selected schools were invited to participate in the study. The study included 923 children. PA and SED were measured using waist-worn accelerometers, and height and weight were measured using standardized procedures. Ciclovía participation was self-reported. The analyses included multilevel linear, generalized mixed and generalized additive models.

          Results

          The mean age of the sample was 10.1±0.7 years, and 49.5% were boys. In the last year, 46% of the children participated in the Ciclovía, and 34% reported participating frequently (at least once per month). No differences were found in the mean minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA on weekdays between frequent Ciclovía users and sporadic and non-Ciclovía users (72 vs 69; p = 0.09). In contrast, frequent Ciclovía users had higher moderate-to-vigorous PA on Sundays than sporadic and non-Ciclovía users (65.6 vs 59.2; p = 0.01), specifically between the hours of 12:00 and 16:00. In addition, frequent Ciclovía users did not differ from the sporadic and non-Ciclovía users in SED (515.3 vs 521.3; p = 0.19). Frequent Ciclovía users had lower SED on Sundays than the sporadic and non-Ciclovía users (437.7 vs 456.5; p = 0.005). Additionally, frequent Ciclovía users were more likely to be overweight (28.3% vs 20.4% p = 0.01). We did not find differences in participation by sex, and low-to-middle income children were more likely to participate.

          Conclusions

          The Ciclovías offer an innovative, inclusive recreational space and consequently provide opportunities to increase moderate-to-vigorous PA and reduce SED among children.

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          Most cited references27

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          Physical activity, leisure-time screen use and depression among children and young adolescents.

          Adolescent mental disorders remain a relatively neglected area of research, despite evidence that these conditions affect youth disproportionately. We examined associations between physical activity, leisure-time screen use and depressive symptoms among Australian children and adolescents. Large cross-sectional observational study. Self-reported physical activity and leisure-time screen behaviours, and depressive symptoms using the Short Mood and Feeling Questionnaire were assessed in 8256 students aged 10-16 years (mean age=11.5 years, SD=0.8). Thirty three percent of the sample reported moderate to high depressive symptoms, with rates higher among females (OR=1.18; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.36; p=0.001). Increased opportunities to be active at school outside class (OR=0.70; 0.58, 0.85; p<0.001), being active in physical education classes (OR=0.77; 0.69, 0.86; p<0.001), greater involvement in sports teams at school (OR=0.77; 0.67, 0.88; p<0.001) and outside of school (OR=0.84; 0.73, 0.96; p=0.01) were all independently associated with lower odds for depressive symptoms. Meeting recommended guidelines for physical activity (OR=0.62; 0.44, 0.88; p=0.007) and, for 12-14 year olds, leisure-time screen use (OR=0.77; 0.59, 0.99; p=0.04) were also independently associated with lower odds for depressive symptoms. Higher levels of physical activity among children and young adolescents, and lower levels of leisure-time screen use among young adolescents, are associated with lower depressive symptoms. Longitudinal studies are needed to understand the causal relationships between these variables. Crown Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Estimated energy expenditures for school-based policies and active living.

            Despite overwhelming evidence of the health benefits of physical activity, most American youth are not meeting the 60 minutes per day recommendation for moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). Policy changes have the potential to bring about substantial increases in physical activity in youth, within school and community settings. The purpose of this study was to quantify the increase in energy expenditure for school-based policies and built environment changes. Scientific literature reviews were consulted, and more than 300 published studies (1995-2011) in English were identified based on titles and abstracts. After an initial screening, 85 articles were included. Study quality was assessed, and the impact of various strategies for increasing physical activity in youth was estimated from objective measurements/direct observation. Within school settings, the average minutes of MVPA gained per school day for studies in each intervention category were as follows: mandatory physical education (23 minutes); classroom activity breaks (19 minutes); afterschool activity programs (10 minutes); standardized physical education curricula (6 minutes more than traditional physical education); modified playgrounds (6 minutes); and modified recess (5 minutes more than traditional recess). Within community settings, significant MVPA was associated with active commuting (16 minutes) and park renovations (12 minutes), but proximity to parks had a small effect (1 minute). No conclusions could be drawn regarding joint-use agreements, because of a lack of studies quantifying their impact on energy expenditure. Of the various policies and built environment changes examined, the largest effects were seen with mandatory physical education, classroom activity breaks, and active commuting to school. Policymakers can use this information along with estimates of the cost, feasibility, and population reach, to identify the best options for increasing physical activity in youth. Copyright © 2013 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              The Ciclovía-Recreativa: A mass-recreational program with public health potential.

              The Ciclovía-Recreativa is a free, community-based program in which streets are closed temporarily to motorized transport, allowing access to walkers, runners, rollerbladers, and cyclists only. We assessed existing information about the Ciclovía as a public health strategy and proposed next steps for research and public health practice. We conducted a systematic search of peer-reviewed and other literature, which was complemented by expert interviews and consultation. We reviewed 38 Ciclovías from 11 countries. Most programs (84.2%) take place in urban settings. The programs range from 18-64 events per year (54 + or - 24.6; 52 [mean + or - standard deviation; median]) with events lasting from 2-12 hours (6 + or - 2.4; 6). The length of the streets ranges from 1-121 km (14.6 + or - 22.1; 7), and the estimated number of participants per event ranges from 60-1,000,000 persons (61,203 + or - 186,668; 3810). Seventy-one percent of the programs include physical activity classes and in 89% of the Ciclovías, the streets are connected with parks. Ciclovías have potential for positive public health outcomes, but evidence on their effectiveness is limited. The different stages of new and established programs offer a unique opportunity for transnational studies aimed at assessing their public health impact.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                15 May 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 5
                : e0207791
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
                [2 ] Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
                [3 ] Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
                [4 ] Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Ibagué, Ibagué, Colombia
                [5 ] Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
                Universite Cote d’Azur, FRANCE
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: ISCOLE was funded by The Coca-Cola Company. With the exception of requiring that the study be global in nature, the study sponsor had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of manuscripts. Muevete Escolar study was funded by the Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation—Colciencias (Grant number 750-2013). Dr. Triana was funded by grant number 080-2017 of the program "Jovenes Investigadores e innovadores" of the Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation – Colciencias, and by the Research Office at the Universidad de los Andes. Dr. Sarmiento also received funding from the grant of the Research Office at the Universidad de los Andes for finalizing projects. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                [¤]

                Current address: Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5024-2911
                Article
                PONE-D-18-18204
                10.1371/journal.pone.0207791
                6519789
                31091227
                bfad6b32-e22d-43df-8974-d7a78c9da278
                © 2019 Triana et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 18 June 2018
                : 26 February 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004367, Coca-Cola;
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation—Colciencias
                Award ID: 750-2013
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation—Colciencias
                Award ID: 080-2017
                Award Recipient : Camilo Andres Triana Reyes
                ISCOLE was funded by The Coca-Cola Company. With the exception of requiring that the study be global in nature, the study sponsor had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of manuscripts. Muevete Escolar study was funded by the Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation—Colciencias (Grant number 750-2013). Dr. Triana was funded by grant number 080-2017 of the program "Jovenes Investigadores e innovadores" of the Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation—Colciencias, and by the Research Office at the Universidad de los Andes. Dr. Sarmiento also received funding from the grant of the Research Office at the Universidad de los Andes for finalizing projects.
                Categories
                Research Article
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Education
                Schools
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Physical Activity
                Physical Fitness
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                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Sports and Exercise Medicine
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                Biology and Life Sciences
                Sports Science
                Sports and Exercise Medicine
                Exercise
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Physical Activity
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
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                Body Mass Index
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
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                Body Weight
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                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
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                Obesity
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                Medicine and Health Sciences
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