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      Validação da medida de proteína C-reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as) por quimioluminescência para estimativa de risco cardiovascular em indivíduos ambulatoriais: análise comparativa com nefelometria Translated title: Validation of C-reactive protein measured by immunoluminometry for cardiovascular risk assessment in the outpatient setting: comparative analysis with nephelometry

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          Abstract

          FUNDAMENTO: A proteína C-reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as) é um preditor de risco cardiovascular estabelecido no cenário de prevenção primária, de acordo com os métodos de enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) e nefelometria. O método de quimioluminescência tem sensibilidade suficiente para discriminação de baixos níveis de PCR-as, com valor preditor estabelecido em síndromes coronarianas agudas. No entanto este método carece de validação em indivíduos ambulatoriais, cujos valores de PCR são significativamente menores que os de pacientes instáveis. OBJETIVO: Testar a hipótese de que o método de quimioluminescência possui acurácia adequada para mensuração de PCR-as e classificar indivíduos ambulatoriais de acordo com o risco cardiovascular. MÉTODOS: A proteína C-reativa foi medida pelos métodos de quimioluminescência e nefelometria em 152 amostras séricas obtidas de diferentes indivíduos ambulatoriais. Considerando-se a nefelometria o padrão-ouro, a performance do método de quimioluminescência foi avaliada. RESULTADOS: Observou-se forte associação linear entre os dois métodos, ilustrada pelos coeficientes de correlação (r = 0,99; p < 0,001) e regressão (beta = 0,94, 95% C.I. = 0,92 - 0,95, p < 0,001). A diferença média entre os valores de cada método foi - 0,22 ± 0,4mg/l. Em 97% dos indivíduos houve concordância entre os métodos quando à classificação em baixo risco (PCR-as < 1mg/l), risco intermediário (PCR-as = 1-3mg/l) ou alto risco cardiovascular (PCR-as > 3mg/l) (kappa = 0,96; p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A medida de PCR-as por quimioluminescência representa uma alternativa ao método nefelométrico na avaliação de risco cardiovascular de indivíduos ambulatoriais.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND: High-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is an established risk predictor in primary prevention. Among available laboratory methods, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nephelometry are the most validated for this clinical application. Immunoluminometry is another high-sensitivity method of hs-CRP, with definitive prognostic value in acute coronary syndromes. However, it lacks validation for cardiovascular risk prediction in the outpatient setting, whose hs-CRP values are in a lower range in relation to unstable patients. OBJECTIVE: In an outpatient setting, test the hypothesis that the immunoluminometric method has enough accuracy to measure hs-CRP and classify individuals according to cardiovascular risk. METHOD: C-reactive protein was measured by the methods of immunoluminometry and nephelometry in 152 serum samples obtained from different outpatient subjects. Taken nephelometry as a gold-standard, performance of the immunoluminometric method was evaluated. RESULTS: There was a strong linear association between the two methods, according to the correlation coefficient (r = 0.996; p < 0.001) and regression coefficient (beta = 0.94, 95% C.I. = 0.92-0.95, p < 0.001). The mean difference between the two methods was - 0.22 ± 0.4mg/l. In 97% of the subjects, there was agreement between the methods in definition of low risk (hs-CRP < 1mg/l), intermediate risk (hs-CRP = 1-3mg/l) or high cardiovascular risk (hs-CRP > 3mg/l) - kappa = 0.96; p < 0.001. CONCLUSION: The immunoluminometric method of hs-CRP represents an alternative to nephelometry for the assessment of cardiovascular risk in an outpatient population.

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          Most cited references9

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          A major role for VCAM-1, but not ICAM-1, in early atherosclerosis.

          VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 are endothelial adhesion molecules of the Ig gene superfamily that may participate in atherogenesis by promoting monocyte accumulation in the arterial intima. Both are expressed in regions predisposed to atherosclerosis and at the periphery of established lesions, while ICAM-1 is also expressed more broadly. To evaluate functions of VCAM-1 in chronic disease, we disrupted its fourth Ig domain, producing the murine Vcam1(D4D) allele. VCAM-1(D4D) mRNA and protein were reduced to 2-8% of wild-type allele (Vcam1(+)) levels but were sufficient to partially rescue the lethal phenotype of VCAM-1-null embryos. After crossing into the LDL receptor-null background, Vcam1(+/+) and Vcam1(D4D/D4D) paired littermates were generated from heterozygous intercrosses and fed a cholesterol-enriched diet for 8 weeks. The area of early atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, quantified by en face oil red O staining, was reduced significantly in Vcam1(D4D/D4D) mice, although cholesterol levels, lipoprotein profiles, and numbers of circulating leukocytes were comparable to wild-type. In contrast, deficiency of ICAM-1 either alone or in combination with VCAM-1 deficiency did not alter nascent lesion formation. Therefore, although expression of both VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 is upregulated in atherosclerotic lesions, our data indicate that VCAM-1 plays a dominant role in the initiation of atherosclerosis.
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            Relation of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial.

            The authors measured the relation between C-reactive protein, alpha 1 acid glycoprotein and albumin, an acute phase protein, and subsequent risk of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease death in a nested case-control study among the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) participants. There were 98 myocardial infarction cases, 148 coronary heart disease deaths, and 491 controls. The cases and controls were followed for up to 17 years for deaths and 6-7 years for myocardial infarction cases and controls. There was a significant association between available distribution of C-reactive protein and subsequent coronary heart disease mortality. For smokers at baseline, the risk of coronary heart disease deaths in quartile 4 of C-reactive protein as compared with quartile 1 was 4.3 (95% confidence interval 1.74-10.8). The association persisted when adjusted for characteristics related to smoking and smoking cessation during the trial and to pulmonary function. There was no relation between alpha 1 acid glycoprotein and either myocardial infarction or coronary heart disease death. Albumin was inversely related to coronary heart disease death only for deaths that occurred between 7 and 13 years after baseline, consistent with previous MRFIT analyses. This is the first prospective study in "healthy but high risk individuals" to document the relation between C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease mortality.
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              Human monocyte-derived macrophages induce collagen breakdown in fibrous caps of atherosclerotic plaques. Potential role of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases and implications for plaque rupture.

              Rupture of the fibrous cap of the atherosclerotic plaque is a key event that predisposes to coronary thrombosis, leading to acute coronary syndromes. Recent studies have shown that the fibrous caps of vulnerable and ruptured atherosclerotic plaques have reduced collagen and glycosaminoglycan content in association with an increased macrophage density and a reduced smooth muscle cell density. Since collagen breakdown in the fibrous caps may contribute to a thinning and weakening of the cap, increasing its vulnerability to rupture, we tested the hypothesis that monocyte-derived macrophages, by producing matrix-degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs), could induce collagen breakdown in human atherosclerotic fibrous caps. Monocytes were isolated from human blood by Ficoll-Paque density gradient and allowed to grow in cell culture until phenotypic and staining characteristics indicated transformation into macrophages (4 to 7 days). Fibrous caps were dissected from human aortic or carotid plaques and incubated for 48 hours with macrophages in serum-free medium without (n = 21) and with (n = 10) an MMP inhibitor or with cell- and serum-free medium only (n = 9). Hydroxyproline released in the culture medium was measured by a spectrophotometric method and used as evidence of collagen breakdown in the fibrous caps. Immunocytochemistry with specific monoclonal antibodies was used to identify expression of MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase) and MMP-2 (72-kD gelatinase) in cell culture, and zymography was used to detect MMP activity in the culture supernatant. The amount of hydroxyproline released was significantly greater when fibrous caps were incubated with macrophages than when incubated with cell-free medium (0.4 +/- 0.16 micrograms.mL-1.mg-1 versus 0.02 +/- 0.03 micrograms.mL-1.mg-1 of tissue; P < .04 by Mann-Whitney test). There was no hydroxyproline release when fibrous caps were incubated with macrophages in the presence of an MMP inhibitor. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated MMP-1 and MMP-2 expression by macrophages between days 4 and 7, and zymography confirmed the presence of MMP-2 activity in the supernatant. In this study, human monocyte-derived macrophages were shown to induce collagen breakdown in fibrous caps of human atherosclerotic plaques associated with cellular expression and zymographic evidence of MMP activity; no evidence of collagen breakdown was found in the presence of an MMP inhibitor. These findings support the hypothesis that increased macrophage density and/or activation in the atherosclerotic plaque may induce collagen breakdown in the fibrous cap by secreting MMPs and possibly other proteases, thus contributing to vulnerability to plaque rupture.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jbpml
                Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial
                J. Bras. Patol. Med. Lab.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica (Rio de Janeiro )
                1678-4774
                February 2005
                : 41
                : 1
                : 15-19
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratório de Patologia Clínica
                [2 ] Hospital Português
                [3 ] Cardio Pulmonar Serviços Médicos
                [4 ] Hospital Geral Roberto Santos Brazil
                [5 ] Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia Brazil
                [6 ] Johns Hopkins University United States
                [7 ] Universidade Federal da Bahia Brazil
                Article
                S1676-24442005000100005
                10.1590/S1676-24442005000100005
                bfc4602d-2825-41ec-9c3d-f96aabb67861

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1676-2444&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
                MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL
                PATHOLOGY

                Pathology,Medicine,Clinical chemistry
                Immunoluminometry,C-reactive protein,Proteína C-reativa,Risco cardiovascular,Quimioluminescência,Nefelometria,Cardiovascular risk,Nephelomerty

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